7/23/2019 Michigan Joint Task Force on Jail and Pretrial Incarceration Meeting #1 July 24, 2019 Detroit, MI General inquiries and information: JailsTaskForce@courts.mi.gov Agenda Agenda • Charge to the Task Force • Jail Trends from National Data • Michigan County Justice Spending • Next Steps 1
7/23/2019 Charge to the Task Force State and county leaders partnered to form the Jails Task Force. 2
7/23/2019 The Jails Task Force is charged with… Agenda “…developing ambitious, innovative, and thorough recommendations for changes in state law, policy, and appropriations to expand alternatives to jail, safely reduce jail admissions and length of stay, and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of Michigan’s justice systems.” – Executive Order No. 2019‐10 Jail Trends From National Data 3
7/23/2019 Nationally, the number of people in county jails grew fourfold in 40 years. 400% 377% Jail Population Percent Growth Since 1975 300% 200% 100% U.S. Resident Population 51% 0% 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Percent Growth Since 1975 of United States Resident and Jail Populations, 1975 to 2017. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails; U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Far more people enter county jails than state and federal prisons in the U.S. every year. 12 10.6 million 10 8 Millions 6 4 1.49 million 2 746,000 607,000 0 County Jails Prisons County Jails Prisons Population Admissions Population and Annual Admissions in County Jails vs. State and Federal Prisons in the United States, 2017. Note that jail population is average daily population while prison population is an end‐of‐year count. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails and National Prisoner Statistics Program. 4
7/23/2019 County jails in the U.S. hold a varied population. Felony: 69% Misdemeanor/Other: 31% Convicted: 35% Unconvicted: 65% Local Jurisdiction: 85% State and Federal: 15% Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails. Offense and conviction based on jail population in 2017, jurisdiction on 2016. Nationally, people in county jails report more serious psychological distress than those in state prisons. 35% 32% 30% Percent Reporting SPD 26% Men 25% Women 21% 20% 14% 15% 10% 6% 4% 5% 0% General Population Prison Population Jail Population Percent of People Meeting Threshold for Recent Serious Psychological Distress (SPD) Based on Self‐Report, 2012. Source: Department of Justice and National Survey on Drug Use and Health. 5
7/23/2019 Jail incarceration hasn’t followed crime rates in the U.S. 7000 300 6000 250 Jail Incarceration Rate 5000 200 Crime Rate 4000 150 3000 100 2000 50 1000 0 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Jail Incarceration Total Crime Violent Crime United States Total and Violent Crime Rates Compared to Jail Incarceration Rate (Rates per 100,000 people), 1960 to 2017. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails; U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division; Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Uniform Crime Reporting Program. U.S. jail populations remain high, despite recent drop in arrests. 800 14 700 12 600 10 500 Thousands 8 Millions 400 6 300 4 200 2 100 0 0 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Arrests Jail Admissions Jail Population United States Arrests, Jail Admissions, and Jail Population, 2008 to 2016. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails; U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division; Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Uniform Crime Reporting Program. 6
7/23/2019 The number of people in Michigan jails nearly tripled since the 1970s. 20 18 16,600 16 14 Thousands 12 10 8 5,700 6 4 2 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Michigan Average Daily Jail Population, 1975 to 2016. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails. The last time crime was this low, far fewer Michiganders were in jail. 8000 200 180 7000 160 Jail Incarceration Rate 6000 140 5000 Crime Rate 120 4000 100 80 3000 60 2000 40 1000 20 0 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Jail Incarceration Total Crime Violent Crime Michigan Total and Violent Crime Rates Compared to Jail Incarceration Rate (Rates per 100,000 people), 1960 to 2016. Sources: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails; U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division; Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Uniform Crime Reporting Program. 7
7/23/2019 Women make up a growing share of the U.S. jail population. 8,700 women 113,700 women 5.6% 15.3% 2017 1977 84.7% 94.4% United States Jail Population by Gender, 1977 and 2017. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails. In Michigan jails, men outnumber women nearly six to one. 18 16 14,100 14 Men 12 Thousands 10 8 5,280 6 4 2,500 Women 2 420 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Michigan Jail Population by Gender, 1975 to 2016. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails. 8
7/23/2019 The female population in Michigan jails grew at triple the rate of the male population. 600% 500% 503% Percent Growth Since 1975 400% Women 300% 200% 167% Men 100% 0% 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Percent Growth Since 1975 of Michigan Jail Population by Gender, 1975 to 2016. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails. Even with recent declines, Black Americans are jailed at far higher rates than others across the U.S. 900 800 700 Jail Incarceration Rate 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Black Native American/ Hispanic White Asian Alaska Native United States Jail Incarceration Rates by Race and Ethnicity (Rates per 100,000 people), 2005 to 2017. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Survey of Jails. 9
7/23/2019 Jail growth in the U.S. was driven, in part, by increased pretrial incarceration. 800 Jail Population (Thousands) 700 64.7% 600 500 400 51.5% 300 200 100 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Convicted Unconvicted Convicted and Unconvicted Jail Population in the United States, 1990 to 2017. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails. Four in ten felony defendants are detained for the full pretrial period. Detained Detained 38% 64.7% 38% 2000 2009 Released 51.5% Released 62% 62% Percentage of Felony Defendants in Large U.S. Urban Counties Detained until Adjudication vs. Released Before Adjudication (by Length of Time Detained), 2000 and 2009. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties. 10
7/23/2019 But those detained pretrial stayed longer, driving up jail bed use. All offenses All offenses Assault 2000 Burglary 2009 Drug trafficking Forgery 64.7% Fraud 51.5% Larceny/theft Motor vehicle theft Robbery Weapons days 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Median Time from Arrest to Adjudication for Detained Felony Defendants in Large U.S. Urban Counties, 2000 and 2009. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties. Felony defendants released pretrial spent slightly more time in jail. More than 1 month More than 1 month 4% 7% 1 week to 1 month 1 week to 1 month 9% 9% Detained Detained 64.7% 1 day to 1 week 1 day to 1 week 38% 38% 2000 2009 17% 16% 51.5% Less than 1 day Less than 1 day 31% 31% Percentage of Felony Defendants in Large U.S. Urban Counties Detained until Adjudication vs. Released Before Adjudication (by Length of Time Detained), 2000 and 2009. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties. Numbers may not sum to 100 due to rounding. 11
7/23/2019 Release on money bond was far less common in the U.S. 30 years ago. 38% 39% 48% 64.7% 2009 1990 2000 52% 61% 51.5% 62% Financial release Non‐financial release Percent of Released Felony Defendants in Large U.S. Urban Counties with Financial and Non‐Financial Releases, 1990 to 2009. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties. Unlike the national trend, Michigan’s jail growth was driven equally by pretrial and sentenced populations. 20 18 Jail Population (Thousands) 16 48.6% 14 12 10 8 6 46.9% 4 2 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Convicted Unconvicted Convicted and Unconvicted Jail Population in Michigan, 1970 to 2016. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails and Annual Survey of Jails. 12
7/23/2019 Pretrial incarceration rates have grown most notably in rural Michigan. 120 Pretrial Incarceration Rate 100 80 60 40 20 0 1999 2005 2013 1999 2005 2013 1999 2005 2013 1999 2005 2013 Rural Small/Mid Suburban Urban Michigan Pretrial Incarceration Rate (Per 100,000 People) by County Type, 1999 to 2013. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails. Rural Michigan counties now hold a larger share of people in jail than urban counties. 1978 2013 Rural Rural 14.7% 23.6% Share of jail population Suburban Suburban 19.6% 24.3% Small/Mid Small/Mid Urban Urban 31.8% 32.7% 34.0% 19.4% Michigan Share of Jail Population by Urbanicity, 1978 and 2013. Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Census of Jails. 13
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