Integrated Pest Integrated Pest Management Management How did we get here? Problems will come up! Oregon IPM There is no silver bullet Gardening is a process Claudia Groth MG Program Instructor claudia.groth.us@gmail.com Good Garden Practices The Heart of IPM The Focus of IPM Prevent Problems – Good gardening practices – Prevention and management • Taking care of the soil – Observation – The individual gardener and garden – Tilth, drainage, pH, fertility – Identification – Human health and the environment • Right plant; right place – Gardener’s Tolerance – Available, research-based information – Bananas? Really? – Management Choices – All pest management strategies • Water use and conservation – Evaluate – Irrigation planning Right Place?? This is not soil preparation! Zonal Denial This is! Photo: Daderot Photo: Groth MG IPM 2019 Page 1
The $5 hole Start at the Nursery Planting the Plants • Improper planting = stressed plants • 2 - 3 times as wide as • Beware compacted soils the root ball • Improve drainage • Root flare at surface Better to plant a 50¢ plant in a $5 hole than a $5 plant in a 50¢ hole Avoid pot-bound plants (unless they’re really a bargain!) Preventing Problems Be Observe-y Watering - Resources - - Monitor Your Garden - • Catch problems in their early stages • Adjust plans and plantings • Apply controls at the optimal time • Look for pests and their damage • Keep a garden journal • Look for beneficial organisms, too What do you Observation observe? Lacebug Black Vine Weevil MG IPM 2019 Page 2
Sticky Traps Shelter Traps Board Trap Beer Bait Aphids, thrips, whiteflies, spider mites Mating Traps Feeding Traps Aphid • Codling moth mummies • Apple Maggot Trap • Thrips • Color and apple scent • Gypsy moths • Flour moths • Tuna for yellow jackets • Cider vinegar for fungus gnats • “Trap crops” Monitoring Your Garden Identifying the Problem Identifying the Problem - Resources - • OSU Extension Garden Calendar – google: OSU garden calendar • Robin Rosetta (insects): – OSU Nursery Extension, Research and Education (Facebook and Twitter) • Jay Pscheidt (disease): – PNW Plant Disease Management (Facebook) • Plant Clinic Monthly highlights Gold Dust Plant – google: “OSU plant clinic year” • MG plant clinic phone records Хомелка CC by-SA 3.0 Cryptomeria japonica 'Mushroom' MG IPM 2019 Page 3
It’s an insect, but … It’s an insect, but … It’s a problem, but … Dogwood anthracnose Frost Damage Abiotic Plant Problems Abiotic Plant Problems Abiotic Plant Problems • Weather • Poor growing conditions • Mechanical damage • Nutrient deficiency or toxicity • Pesticides Abiotic factors also make plants more susceptible to pests and diseases Biotic (Living) Plant Pests Sucking Insect Damage Spider Mite Damage - true bugs, thrips, spider mites, aphids - Thrips Aphids Damage is irregular/expands Observe mites, skins, webbing Spider Mites MG IPM 2019 Page 4
Chewing Insect Damage Learning Life Cycles Practice Makes Perfect - beetles, caterpillars, slugs, earwigs, wasps - larva • Look for patterns Flea Beetle Larvae • Observe where damage occurs pupa • Examine plant for signs of pests Likely cause of damage?? adult Earwig Disease “life cycles”, too Cabbageworm Where to start? Likely Suspects A C B • Hail • Fungus • Nutrient deficiency • Over-watering • Scale H D • Spider mites • Virus • Worms search: PNW handbooks G F E PNW Likely Mole Crickets Handbooks Suspects online in the PNW Voles MG IPM 2019 Page 5
The Gardener’s Tolerance Identification • Description - Action? No Action? - - Resources - • Photos Take into account … • PNW Guides (books and website) • Life cycle – pest characteristics --Insects --Diseases • Controls • WSU Landscape Plant Problems – value of plants – time constraints • Other resources in MG offices – cost of treatment – impacts of available controls – personal gardening philosophy Manage Using All Available Action Threshhold Giant Willow Aphid Strategies Wolf Spider Cultural Least Impact Physical Biological Chemical Most Impact Black Spot Use the least hazardous approach Jumping – but one that will WORK Spider Garden Sanitation Leaf Gall Resistant Cultural Controls Black Spot Resistant Right Plant – Right Place • Reduce – Breeding sites – Shelter Lace Bug Resistant – Over-wintering sites Apple Scab Resistant Virus Resistant MG IPM 2019 Page 6
Physical Controls All the things we talked about Exclude Pests in prevention - Direct Intervention - - Prevent and Control Infestations - Those are cultural controls: – Choosing high quality plants and seeds – Correct planting – technique/timing – Understanding the plant needs – Watering with growth and season Pruning Handpicking Water Sprays Surface Spider Tilling Mites Tent caterpillars Spray regularly to prevent return Weeds, slugs, garden symphylans Aphids Traps Doing nothing! Biological Control Why this works Use of living organisms to manage pests MG IPM 2019 Page 7
Notable Successes Conservation Biological Control Design for Diversity Cottony cushion scale • Yards with lawns Complex landscapes suppressed azalea – Vedalia beetle lace bug infestations (Shrewsbury and Raupp 2006) – 4 species • Low water-use plants More web-building sites for spiders Photo: Lein Van Tilborgh CC BY-SA 3.0 – 10 species Photo: public domain ARS •Urban desert parks Photo: I, Beentree CC BY-SA 3.0 – 12 species Tansy ragwort •Natural desert areas – Cinnabar moth – 18 species – Tansy flea beetle Ground Beetles Natural Enemies • Attack – caterpillars, snails, slugs, Insect Predators Insect Parasitoids other soft insects: aphids, Who Are – Hunt and kill prey – Lay eggs in prey beetle larvae, rootworms What Are They They? Doing? • Beetles • Flies • Birds • Spiders • Microbes • Bats • Mites • Springtails • Toads/frogs • Wasps • Nematodes Wasps Bringing the Bugs Home Lacewings • Thread-waist—yellow jackets, hornets • Food • Attack – caterpillars, beetles – For all life stages – mealybugs, whiteflies, • Parasitic wasps caterpillars, leafhoppers, – cutworms, hornworms, beetles, • Shelter thrips, scale Aggie-horticulture, tamu.edu corn earworm, leafrollers, – Summer and winter prey eggs Photo: Claudia Groth • Protection from Pesticides – Toxic to pests and beneficials Photo: wikimedia; Antonios Tsolis, CCA-SA4.0Int Photo: Bruce marlin CCA by-SA 2.5 MG IPM 2019 Page 8
Use Plants You Know … Building the Insectary The Basic Insectary Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia) • Small insects have small mouthparts • Carrot family Bijay chaurasia CC BY-SA 4.0 • Mustard family Marjoram (Origanum) – Need shallow flowers • Aster family – Single vs. double flowers Rosemary • Bunch grasses • Diversity of plants (Rosmarinus) Basil (Ocimum) – Include natives for natives Hyssop Tickseed Photo: ucanr.edu (Hyssopus) – Continuous bloom Purple toadflax (Coreopsis) (Linaria) English lavender – Multiple colors (Lavandula) – Shrubs – Trees – Flowers …and Like Photo: H. Zell CCA BY-SA 3.0 Cover Crops Count Upscale More Shelter Options Shelter • Multiple benefits - even on a small scale • Mulch with composts, fall leaves Insect hotels – Brings in beneficials • Leave harvested plants for shelter – Immediate nectar source • Plant a bit higher (drier) – Refuge • Bunch grasses/thick crowns • Legumes, grasses, • Untilled ground brassicas, buckwheat, crimson clover, etc. Extension.u mn.edu Biological Chemical Resources Buy and Release Control Augmentation Natural Enemies handbook Beneficial microorganisms Common Natural Enemies Wasp Pupa Cards Bacillus thuringiensis or B.t. Meadowscaping Xerces.org B.t. kurstaki and caterpillars MG IPM 2019 Page 9
Spinosad www.omafra.gov.on.ca Case Study Nematodes Insect Control Flea beetles on broccoli • Fungus gnats What can we do? • Thrips • Leaf miners • Root maggots • Root weevils • Cutworms/army worms Bacillus subtilis • Fleas/other lawn pests Disease Control http://nematode.unl.edu/ Flea beetles on broccoli Flea beetles on Blossom broccoli End Rot • Physical/Cultural – Delay seeding, plant starts, row covers, • Waxy-leaved varieties more tolerant reflective mulch, trap crops, sanitation, • Overwinter in trash and debris resistant varieties Scot Nelson, Flickr.com • Active in late March through May • Biological • Active again in July/August – Predatory nematodes • Chemical • Young plants ( < 8 leaves) most susceptible – PNW Insect Management Handbook • Most severe in hot, dry weather Gerald Holmes, California Polytechnic State University, Bugwood.org Dandelions in lawn Leafminers in vegetables Azalea Lace Bug u.osu.edu/pestmanagement Lyndon Porter, USDA-ARS http://agron-www.agron.iastate.edu MG IPM 2019 Page 10
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