Macro-Scale Molecular Communications D. T. McGuiness, A. Marshall, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Macro-Scale Molecular Communications D. T. McGuiness, A. Marshall, S. Taylor, S. Giannoukos Dynamic Modelling and Simulation for Molecular Communication Networks

Introduction v Molecular Communication (MC) is the act of transmitting information using particles (i.e. chemicals) instead of EM waves. v Research in field in mostly done in micro-scale (nm - µm). v Almost all theoretical, little or no practical experiments v Recently there have been interest in the larger scale of MC: macro- scale (cm - m). v There are areas where Macro-scale could be utilized. v E.g. Underwater and underground communications

Introduction v In this study, experimental analysis of molecular communication in macro-scale (cm - m) is conducted. v An in-house-built odour generator is used as a transmitter. v A mass spectrometer (MS) is used as a detector.

Experimental Setup 1 Modulation information is carried to the MFC Controller Main N2 Gas From the controller the pulses are sent to MFCs where 2 they are converted into gas pulses Signal Flow ( q ) These pulses are carried into the mixing chamber (Q) and 3 Carrier Flow ( Q ) evaporation chamber (q) MFC-to-Controller Cable Controller-to-PC Cable 2 1 Bulk Flow Q q MFC 3 B = Q +q Controller Transmitter Side

Experimental Setup A Carrier Flow Rate ( Q ) Mixing Chamber Bulk Flow B = Q + q The carrier flow carries the chemicals A Evaporation Chamber from the mixing chamber to the transmission medium The signal flow carries the chemicals B from the evaporation chamber to the mixing chamber 1 1 0 1 0 Signal Flow B Rate ( q ) Transmitter

Experimental Setup (6) (1) (5) (2) (4) (3) Evaporation Chamber

Experimental Setup Semi-permeable membrane Retrieved ion Data MS Vacuum Pressure Controller Single-ion Monitoring (SIM) Detector inlet Detector Side

Experimental Setup Experimental Setup of the Study

Experimental Setup Experimental Setup: (a) Transmitter (b) Evaporation Chamber (c) Mass Flow Controller

Transmission of Molecules v Transmission of molecules in the macro-scale (cm – m) can be explained using advection-diffusion equation (ADE) with the expression given below. = ) ! * "($, &) !"($, &) − , !" $, & + . !& * !& !$ v Where C(x, t) is the concentration (kg/m), t is the duration (s), u is the advective flow, x is the transmission distance (m) and R is the sink and/or source.

Transmission of Molecules v The prototypical solution where a mass ( M ) is injected into the system instantaneously ( t = 0 s) . ! " = 0, & = 0 = '( " v Based on this initial condition, the solution for 1-D environment can be expressed as; exp − " − 0& 1 ' ! ", & = 4+& 4*+&

Transmission of Molecules v By integration the function with respect to distance, the amount of particle in that given area is calculated. + , ! ∗ #, % = ( ) #, % *# -+ . v Finally by subtracting these particles from the initial injection, the amount of particles that are absorbed can be calculated. + , ! #, % = / − ( ) #, % *# -+ .

% = 0 ! ( ! " ! # 0 ! M ,- M - ∫ + /! = 0 (A) $ .- ! ) ! " 0 < ' < ∞ ! # ! -. (B) $ M - ∫ , 0! = M ∆ /. ! ( ! " % = ∞ ! # ! ,- (C) $ M - ∫ + /! = M .- ! Model Diagram [1]

Transmission of Molecules v The amount of chemicals that are absorbed can be defined as;. ! " #, % = ' − ' 2 erf # . − /% + erf # 2 + /% 2 0% 2 0% v The amount of mass absorbed in a given symbol period of T; ' 3 = ! #, 4 - ! #, % = 0 v The flushed chemicals in the system can be represented as; ! 6 #, % = ' 3 erf # . − /% + erf # 2 + /% 2 2 0% 2 0%

Injected Mass (a) (b) (a) Experimental Results (b) Maximum signal amplitude [1]

Injected Mass (a) Signal Variance (b) Signal Correlation [1]

Injected Mass (a) (b) (a) Signal Energy (b) Signal Modelling [1]

Advective Flow (a) (b) (a) Experimental Results (b) Maximum signal amplitude [1]

Advective Flow (a) (b) (a) Signal Energy (b) Signal Modelling [1]

Symbol Duration Experimental Results [1]

Symbol Duration (b) Theoretical Comparison [1]

Thank you for listening Molecular Signal “Call Me Ishmael” [2] [1] McGuiness, D. T., et al. "Parameter Analysis in Macro-Scale Molecular Communications using Advection-Diffusion." IEEE Access (2018). [2] McGuiness, D. T., et al. "Asymmetrical inter-symbol interference in macro-scale molecular communications." Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on Nanoscale Computing and Communication . ACM, 2018.