Jan Dhont and Steven De Schrijver Lorenz November 6, 2009 ITechLaw – 2009 European Conference Brussels Bishkek Geneva 1
Lorenz Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva Table of Contents I. Introduction to Biometrics II. Privacy Protection under Regulatory Regimes III. Other Legal Issues A. Biometrics in the Workplace B. E-commerce C. Evidence D. Standardization IV. Concluding Remarks and Questions 2
Lorenz I. INTRODUCTION TO BIOMETRICS Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 3
Lorenz WHAT IS ‘BIOMETRICS’? 1 . Characteristic : The measurement of (i) psychological or (ii) behavioural characteristics of an individual, for use in proving their identity. 2 . Process : The automated method of recognizing an individual based on measurable characteristics. Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 4
Lorenz How does a biometric system work? 1. Sensor 2. Biometric Template 3. Data storage Components 4. Matching Algorithm 5. Decision Process Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 5
Lorenz Practical uses of biometric technology 1) Logical access – information and assets 2) Physical Access – facility or location Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 6
Lorenz Verification Versus Identification Verification systems compares sample to previously submitted templates. 1 = 1 Identification systems try to determine who the individual is by comparing to a closed set or open set of data. 1 = multiple Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 7
Lorenz Characteristics Biometric Elements: - Universality - Uniqueness - Permanence - Accessibility and ability to be quantified
Lorenz Common Characteristics of Biometric Recognition Systems -System Performance (error rates) -User Tolerance -Robustness -Interface Ability
Lorenz Fingerprint recognition http:// www.biometricsinfo.org/images/finger3.jpg Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 10
Lorenz Hand and Finger Geometry http://www.sandiacontrolsystems.com/img/HGU.jpg http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/schools-to-fingerprint-students-for-security/2007/09/01/1188067438565.html Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 11
Lorenz Face Recognition http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456993/html/nn2page1.stm Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 12
Lorenz Speaker Recognition http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds3-3/gfx/sound.jpg Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 13
Lorenz Iris Recognition http://www.cytrap.eu/files/ReguStand/2007/image/2007-11-28_iris-recognition-biometric- passport.jpg Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 14
http://www.cytrap.eu/files/ReguStand/2007/image/2007-11-28_iris-recognition-biometric-passport.jpg Lorenz Iris Recognition http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~jgd1000/iriscollage.jpg Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 15
Lorenz Biometric Passports http://www.scienceprog.com/wp-content/uploads/RFID/e-passport.JPG Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 16
Lorenz Developing biometric technologies • Dynamic signature • Keystroke dynamics • Circulatory recognition • Gait/body recognition • Facial thermography • DNA recognition ? • Etc. Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 17
Lorenz Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva Current Uses in the Market Government uses: Private sector uses: • E-passports • Hardware • National Security • Information Security • Transportation: Airport/airline • Domestic Uses travel • Health care • Immigration • HR Purposes • Information Security • Assets Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 18
Lorenz II. BIOMETRICS AND EUROPEAN PRIVACY Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 19
Lorenz European Context - Right to data protection - Right to privacy - Human right approach Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 20
Lorenz Brusse Brusse sels Bishk sels Bishk hkek Gene hkek Gene neva neva Biometrics and Human Rights 21
Lorenz Generic Concerns Article 29 Working Party - Special sensitivity biometric data : - behavioural and physiological characteristics of an individual - Unique identification - Potential re-use (both private and public sector actors) - Potential desensitization Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 22
Lorenz Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva Purpose and Proportionality - Impact on legitimacy of biometric process used in a specific context (e.g. Storage of reference information; raw data may contain unnecessary information) - Affected population (in terms of quantity and quality) - Public sector uses v. Private sector uses Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 23
Lorenz Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva Other Issues • Fair collection and information • Criteria for making data processing legitimate • Prior Checking – notification requirements • Security measures • Sensitive data • Unique identifier Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 24
Lorenz Interpretations by member state DPAs Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 25
Lorenz No harmonized approach (country by country) Gradually but slowly more acceptance of biometrics technology Factors: DPAs tend to be sceptical about storing templates in a central database DPAs promote the use of biometric applications that do not “leave traces” DPA are more lenient towards public sector purposes (private sector purposes typically require stronger justification)
Lorenz Potential Bottlenecks For Companies - Biometrics technology industry - Users of biometrics technology Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 27
Lorenz III. OTHER LEGAL ISSUES A. BIOMETRICS IN THE WORKPLACE B. E-COMMERCE AND CONTRACTS C. POSSIBLE CONTRACTUAL ISSUES D. EVIDENCE E. STANDARDIZATION Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 28
Lorenz Brusse Brusse sels Bishk sels Bishk hkek Gene hkek Gene neva neva A. Biometrics in the workplace http://pagesperso-orange.fr/fingerchip/biometrics/fun/security4.gif 29
Lorenz Biometrics in the workplace (continued) Need for employer to secure premises and IT Network (physical and logical access control) Monitoring of employees (e.g. prevention of ‘buddy punching’) 30
Lorenz Biometrics in the workplace (continued) • Privacy Issues: – Legitimacy of specific use of biometrics – Biometric information stored in central database or on individual carriers (e.g. badge)? – Are some biometric data to be considered as sensitive data (containing information on race, health,...)? • Consultation Issues – Introduction of biometric system may have impact on the work organisation and the privacy of employees – Involvement of employee representative bodies
Lorenz Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva B. Biometrics and E-commerce Ability to identify the purchaser? • Better than passwords Industry is slow to embrace biometric technology Costs • Non-portability of devices Alternatives such as keystroke dynamics and speaker recognition could solve these issues. Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 32
Lorenz Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva Biometrics and E-commerce continued Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 33
Lorenz Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva C. Possible Contractual Issues 1. Liability 2. Malfunctions and technical problems Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 34
Lorenz Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva D. Evidence Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 35 http://aftermathnews.files.wordpress.com/2008/08/biometric_passport.jpg
Lorenz Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva Outstanding problems with biometrics as evidence: 1.Lack of harmonization 2.Advantages and disadvantages experts 3.Right to counter-expertise 4.Rights of second experts Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 36
Lorenz Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva E. Standardization • National and International efforts for standardization of biometrics and biometric systems • International Standardizing Organization in cooperation with the International Electro-technical Commission publishes standards • Importance of interoperability of systems Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 37
Lorenz Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva IV. CONCLUDING REMARKS AND QUESTIONS Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva 38
Lorenz Brusse sels Bishk hkek Gene neva Jan Dhont j.dhont@lorenz-law.com Steven De Schrijver s.deschrijver@lorenz-law.com Lorenz Troonstraat 14-16 B. 5 Rue du Trône 1000 Brussels T. 32 2 239 2000 - F. 32 2 239 2002 www.lorenz-law.com 39
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