DEVELOPING A LOGIC MODEL Siu Mee Cheng Point Consulting Services PAVRO 2017, Toronto June 22, 2017
Objectives / Outline • Definition • Purpose and theory behind logic models, and their benefits; • 3 logic model approaches • Examples of actual logic models from the not-for- profit sector (health and social services sector) • Components related to a logic model; • Exercise to do a logic model (for their own organization or other); • Limits of logic models; • References & resources available Logic Model June 2017 2
Logic Model - Definition • “ defined as a picture of how your organization does its work – the theory and assumptions underlying the program. A program logic model links outcomes (both short- and long-term) with program activities/processes and the theoretical assumptions/principles of the program ” • “ Is a systematic and visual way to present and share your understanding of the relationships among the resources you have to operate your program, the activities you plan, and the changes or results you hope to achieve ” • ( W.K. Kellogg Foundation, 2004, p.iii, 1 ) Logic Model June 2017 3
W HAT S TANDS O UT ? • Relationship between resources, processes and results • Illustration of relationship • Other? Logic Model June 2017 4
P URPOSE • Communicatio n tool: provide stakeholders with a “map of describing sequence of related events connecting the need for the planned program with the desired end results”. (WKKF, 2004, p. 3) • Allows program planners & stakeholders to test ideas, concepts, programming components. • Support key program-related activities : – Grant-applications, business cases – Program planning, management & evaluation • Offers up learning opportunities by allowing better understanding of a program/initiative. Logic Model June 2017 5
W HAT IS MEANT BY A “ PROGRAM ” • Characteristics of a “program”: 1. Program produces something (product, service) 2. Program serves clients / customers / patients 3. Program engages in activities in order to produce things • Examples of “programs”: – Direct service interventions – Community mobilization efforts – Research initiatives – Policy development activities – Communication campaigns – Infrastructure building projects – Training and education services – Administrative systems; and – Others 6 Logic Model June 2017
B ASIC L OGIC M ODEL C OMPONENTS Inputs Activities Outputs Outcomes Impact Logic Model June 2017 7
L OGIC M ODEL A PPROACHES • Three approaches to logic models: 1.Theory Approach 2.Outcomes Approach 3.Activities Approach 8 Logic Model June 2017
T HEORY A PPROACH • What? – Provide detailed explanation of the reasons for the origins and rationale to create a new program. – Links theoretical ideas together to explain underlying program assumptions. – It is about the big ideas and not about specific program components. • Focus? – The problem/issue that the program is meant to address. – Emphasis on the Theory of Change. • Benefit? – Used to make a case in grant proposals, business plans. Logic Model June 2017 9
Theory of Change • Theory of change is a foundational concept that provides an understanding of the pathway to bring about change. • In practice, a Theory of Change typically: – Gives the big picture, including issues related to the environment or context that you can’t control. – Shows all the different pathways that might lead to change, even if those pathways are not related to your program. – Describes how and why you think change happens. • Could be used to complete the sentence “if we do X then Y will change because …”. – Is presented as a diagram with narrative text. – The diagram is flexible and doesn’t have a particular format Logic Model June 2017 10
Outcomes Approach • What? • Displays inter-relationships between Specific program activities and their outcomes. • Emphasizes linear linkages thought to exist among program components. • Provides details on the outcomes and impact over time. • Focus? – Shows which sets of activities are believed to contribute to intended results. • Benefit? – Useful for designing evaluations. Logic Model June 2017 11
Activities Approach • What? • Connects program resources & activities to desired results, but in great detail in a linear format. • Points out what program activities need to be monitored and what kind of performance measures might indicate progress toward results. • Focus? – Focuses in on each outcome and how resources & activities are linked. – Causal linkages: zero-in on each outcome and how resources & activities are linked • Benefit? – Used to support program implementation. Logic Model June 2017 12
L OGIC M ODEL O VERVIEW Program’s Vision, Mission and Goals • The programs vision, mission & goals guide the model • What will be the systems change What is the Impact • What is the long-term benefits of the program Long-Term Outcomes • What is intended result following reaction? Intermediate Outcomes • What is the immediate reaction by clients? Short-Term Outcomes • What are the goods / services of the program? Outputs • What are the program’s operations / processes? Program Processes / Activities • What is resources are put into the program / Program Inputs service? 13 Logic Model June 2017
L OGIC M ODEL O VERVIEW - I NPUTS Program’s Vision, Mission and Goals • The programs vision, mission & goals guide the model Impact Long-Term Outcomes Intermediate Outcomes Short-Term Outcomes Outputs Program Processes / Activities • What resources are put into the program / service to produce results? Program • Resources: Inputs • Finance • Human Resources • Information & Information Technology • Expertise 14 Logic Model June 2017
I NPUT S AMPLES HR: Staff, expertise, consulting services Funds: grants, donations, sponsorship IT/IM: PCs, Databases, Software, Internet Facilities: Buildings, rooms, venues, etc., Other? Logic Model June 2017 15
L OGIC M ODEL O VERVIEW Program’s Vision, Mission and Goals • The programs vision, mission & goals guide the model Impact • What are organizational, community or system level change? Long-Term Outcomes • What is the long-term benefits of the program? Intermediate Outcomes • What is intended result following reaction? Short-Term Outcomes • What is the immediate reaction by clients? Outputs • What are the goods / services of the program? • What are the program’s operations / processes? • How are the resources being Program used, and processed in order Processes / to produce the outputs (goods & services) Activities • Speaks to operations of the program 16 Logic Model June 2017 Program Inputs • What is resources are put into the program / service?
L OGIC M ODEL O VERVIEW Program’s Vision, Mission and Goals • The programs vision, mission & goals guide the model Impact • What are organizational, community or system level change? Long-Term Outcomes • What is the long-term benefit of the program? Intermediate Outcomes • What is intended result following reaction? • What is the immediate reaction by clients? Short-Term Outcomes • The goods / services of the program. • Should be quantifiable Outputs • How many clients served • Units of services/goods distributed Program Processes / Activities •What are the program’s operations / processes? 17 Logic Model June 2017 Program Inputs • What is resources are put into the program / service?
L OGIC M ODEL O VERVIEW – S HORT -T ERM O UTCOMES Program’s Vision, Mission and Goals • The programs vision, mission & goals guide the model Impact • What are organizational, community or system level change? Long-Term Outcomes • What is the long-term benefit of the program? Intermediate Outcomes • What is intended result following reaction? • The immediate reaction seen among those receiving service / products delivered by program? Short- • Usually expect to see changes within 1yr. • Usually see an immediate (client) Term reaction: Outcomes • Behaviour • Knowledge • Feeling / Client Satisfaction • Skill • Attitudes Outputs • What are the goods / services of the program? Program Processes / Activities •What are the program’s operations / processes? 18 Program Inputs • What is resources are put into the program / service? Logic Model June 2017
L OGIC M ODEL O VERVIEW – I NTERMEDIATE O UTCOMES Program’s Vision, Mission and Goals • The programs vision, mission & goals guide the model Impact • What are organizational, community or system level change? Long-Term Outcomes • What is the long-term benefit of the program? • What is the intended the result following reaction? • See desired changes in 2-3 years Intermediate • Usually see changes in the way people / organizations behave: Outcomes • Conditions that can change in 2-3 years: health, social, behaviours, etc., Short-Term Outcomes • What is the immediate reaction by clients? Outputs • What are the goods / services of the program? •What are the program’s operations / processes? Program Processes / Activities • What is resources are put into the program / service? Program Inputs 19 Logic Model June 2017
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