LIVING MARINE RESOURCE GOVERNANCE IN THE WIDER CARIBBEAN Robin Mahon 1 , Lucia Fanning 2 , Patrick McConney 1 1 Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados 2 Marine Affairs Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Governance of Marine Ecosystem-Based Management: A Comparative Analysis Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Washington DC Monday September 29 2008
Large Marine Ecosystems of the world Caribbean Sea Gulf of Mexico Hawaii SE US Continental shelf Benguela Current Caribbean North Brazil shelf
The CLME Project – Context The Wider Caribbean Region is geographically and politically highly diverse and complex � Geopolitical – 26 countries – 45 state entities Hypothetical EEZs � Cultural – ethnicity, language � Size – smallest to largest � Development – poorest to most wealthy
Issues of large scale and complexity Issues of large scale and complexity in the Wider Caribbean in the Wider Caribbean Lots of technical work has been done Has little impact on governance Many local efforts at management Uncoordinated and disconnected at regional level Duplication of effort
Geopolitical components of LME complexity Caribbean Sea 30 Number of countries 25 Number of countries 20 15 10 5 0 t t a a a a n t f t t n a n f t a o a l a a a a n l n e l n n a e e a e e e e e e c e e e e e e e e e S S e g S S h e S r r h S S S S i S S r x r r r n r r S n r S r r r u s u e a n u a u u e n k u d c h n a w C e C M n a C l n C a y c C C B e i t i a r t o b i z i r r i a a h R h l e s l o i t a e l e a f b d a a f a c l s y b e l C o C N o B B t e a l l r e l t s a r i e e b n s B o a d Y r f i h y n C t h i a u l A o b B e r u s n l a i h t g u a d o m - a - u a M G B u u t C C c G n n E g r C o u i l o I e t A u S H l i N B e S l a C m o S
Geopolitical components of LME complexity Caribbean Sea 120 Maritime boundaries Number of boundaries 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Number of countries 6 6
10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 N o r t h S e a B a l t i c S e a S o u t h C h i n a Geopolitical components of LME complexity S e a R e d S e a C a n a r y C u r r e n Number of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) t B l a c k S e a C e l t i c - B i s c a y S h e l f E a s t C h i n a S e a G u l f o f M e x i c o B e n g u e l a C u r r S e n o t m a l i C o a s t a l C u r r e S n u l u - C e l e b e s S e a Y e l l o w S e a H u m b o l d t C u r r e n t Caribbean Sea I n d o n e s i a n S e a B a y o f B e n g a l A g u l h a s C u r r e n t M e d i t e r r a n e a n G u i n e a C u r r e n t A r a b i a n S e a N o r t h B r a z i l S h e l f C a r i b b e a n S e a
Natural resource scale Large ● pelagics ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Reef fishes ● ● ● ● 8 8 Flyingfish Shrimps
Institutional Scale Overlapping and nested fisheries related organisations ICCAT WECAFC USA Brazil Japan *French Guiana*** Angola ACS Venezuela Benin Cuba *Aruba *Puerto Rico** Cape Verde WECAFC LAC *Martinique*** Canada *Guadeloupe*** Gabon *Netherlands Antilles Ghana *USVI** France CARIFORUM Ivory Coast Korea Dominican Republic Morocco OLDE- CARICOM Barbados Colombia Spain PESCA Haiti Belize Bahamas Suriname Portugal Guyana Trinidad & Tobago Senegal Jamaica *Turks & Caicos I. South Africa *Cayman I. OSPESCA Sao Tome & Principe Bolivia Belize OECS St. Vincent & Uruguay Costa Rica El Salvador Grenadines St. Kitts & Nevis USSR Guatemala *Anguilla**** Ecuador Antigua & Barbuda Honduras *British Virgin I.**** Dominica Peru Mexico *Montserrat**** St. Lucia Nicaragua Grenada * Associate States of Panama ACS **in ICCAT as USA *** in ICCAT as French Departments **** in ICCAT as UK 9 9
What’s different about Caribbean fisheries? Diversity of primarily small to medium-scale fisheries.
What’s different about Caribbean fisheries? No large commercial revenue earning fishery to fund RFMO as in: � West Central Pacific Commission (tunas) � SE Atlantic (SEAFO)(orange roughy) � NW atlantic (NAFO) (groundfish) So …. What may be the way forward in the Caribbean? We propose that a networking approach that makes the best use of existing organisations?
A networking approach that makes the best use of existing organisations? We believe this can be ANALYSIS approached through a AND ADVICE governance framework using the conventional DATA AND policy cycle -- Like INFORM- this one. ATION DECISION MAKING REVIEW AND EVALUATION IMPLEMENT- ATION
The LME governance framework ANALYSIS AND ADVICE DATA AND INFORM- ATION Building a multi-level policy-cycle based DECISION MAKING governance framework REVIEW AND EVALUATION IMPLEMENT- ATION Complete Global Linked vertically Linked Regional laterally Diversity National Local
Building the CLME Governance Framework “Learning by doing” Long-term goal Fully-functional policy cycles at all appropriate levels with the appropriate vertical and lateral linkages. Framework building interventions � Interventions can be: � Specifically targeted at: 1. Establishing or completing policy cycles 2. Building or enhancing linkages � Approached incrementally by targeting deficient areas
The CLME Project - Approach LME governance framework can accommodate � Diversity of policy cycle arrangements and linkages � Hierarchical � Collaborative � Diversity of EBM approaches that currently exist � Existing organizations - but will require that they review and adjust their modes of operation
The CLME Project – Structure: Building a multi-level policy-cycle based governance framework Strategic Action Programme (SAP) Transboundary diagnostic analysis (TDA) Develops agreed plan to address key transboundary Assesses issues to be addressed in activities issues in next phase LME Level Monitoring and Strengthening Regional Governance Promoting the Caribbean Sea Initiative Reporting Engages regional and sub-regional Works with ACS and its Caribbean Sea Develops indicators to monitor organisations to put LMR governance on Commission and other regional organisations LME status their agendas for policy decision-making. to implement the UN Resolution on the Caribbean as a special area. Large Pelagics Project Increases involvement in ICCAT for oceanic species and pursues regional governance arrangements for species contained in the Wider Caribbean area. Global Global Guianas-Brazil Shrimp and Eastern Caribbean Flyingfish Groundfish Establishes and operates sub- Establishes and operates sub- regional cycle for cooperation in regional cycle for cooperation in management Regional Regional management of the shared stocks. Reef Fisheries and Biodiversity Spiny Lobster National National Enhances local level linkages Enhances local level capacity and among fishery and non-fishery linkages among western stakeholders and upward linkages Local Local Caribbean fishery stakeholders to national and regional levels and upward linkages to national and regional levels
CLME Framework for fisheries UNGA – CSD Global marine policy cycle COFI? Global ACS – CSI/CSC Caribbean Sea regional policy cycle WECAFC? Regional CARICOM/CRFM? Regional/subregional SICA/OSPESCA? fisheries policy cycle OECS/ESDU? Flyingfish OECS? cycle Lobster cycle WECAFC FFWG? Pelagics CRFM? cycle National OSPESCA? WECAFC WG? Local
CLME and CSI – Governance framework ANALYSIS Note that: AND ADVICE DATA AND INFORM- Functional policy cycles at all levels are important ATION DECISION MAKING because different types of decisions take place at each level REVIEW AND EVALUATION IMPLEMENT -ATION Example of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) � Regional policy level – proportion of national area in various categories to be conserved in MPAs � Regional technical level – linkages among national MPA systems to achieve optimal result � National level – which areas will be MPAs and who will manage them � Local Level – Tactical approaches to MPA management
ACS-CLME Partnership ACS policy cycle for living marine resources ACS Caribbean Sea A wide variety of ANALYSIS Commission reviews technical entities AND advice provided in with expertise in ADVICE response to specific relevant areas requests to appropriate agencies DATA AND INFORM -ATION DECISION MAKING REVIEW AND ACS Council EVALUATION IMPLEMENT -ATION Caribbean Sea Commission and technical agencies Primarily national and local agencies
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