Life Style Analysis What is at the center of the sustainability issue? Products or People? 1
Start with a product or service, • Where does the coffee come from? • Where was it roasted? • Where did the paper cup come from? • Sugar? • Cream? How was this stuff made, and • Stirring Stick? Oh, how did you get to Starbuck’s? • Napkin? 2
Now do this for everything you bought last year!!! food, drinks, bottled water, air trips, car, bus, clothes, books, paper, heating fuel, tuition, medicines, furniture, cleaning services, clothes washing, A/C, cell phone, ipod, laptop, skis, tennis racket……
Environmental Life Style Analysis (ELSA) Timothy Gutowski, Amanda Taplett, Anna Allen, Amy Banzaert, Rob Cirinciore, Christopher Cleaver, Stacy Figueredo, Susan Fredholm, Betar Gallant, Alissa Jones, Jonathan Krones, Barry Kudrowitz, Cynthia Lin, Alfredo Morales, David Quinn, Megan Roberts, Robert Scaringe, Tim Studley, Sittha Sukkasi, Mika Tomczak, Jessica Vechakul, and Malima Wolf. IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, San Francisco, May 19 – 21, 2008 http://web.mit.edu/ebm/www/Publications/ELSA%20IEEE%202008.pdf 4
To organize this, track your spending 1. Food 2. Housing 3. Clothing 4. Utilities 5. Transportation 6. Services 7. Insurance and Investments 8. Government Note possible double counting 5
Framework for Calculating the Environmental Impact Associated with a Life Style I D A � = j i ij i • I j is an impact of type “j” (j = CO2, GWP etc.) • D i are the dollars spent in life style sector “i” (i = diet, clothing etc.) • A ij is an impact factor (technological) in units of impact ”j” per dollar spent in sector “i” 6
Framework for Calculating the Environmental Impact Associated with a Life Style D I D A D f A � � = = j i ij i ij i i • I j is an impact of type “j” (j = CO2, GWP etc.) • D are the total dollars spent on a life style • f i D is the fraction of dollars spent in life style sector “i” (i = diet, clothing etc.) • A ij is an impact factor (technological) in units of impact ”j” per dollar spent in sector “i” 7
For infinitesimals I A D f D � � � � j ij I i ( ) f � = + + i D I D A f i j ij i fraction of Change Change Change Change Impact in Impact in Total in Spending in Impact Amount Category, Coefficient Spent fraction of Dollars GROWTH INDUSTRY COEFICIENT CONSUMER CHOICE 8
Example: Two sector economy with 1 = guns and 2 = butter • You make $10,000 a year and split your money evenly between guns and butter then D1 = D2 = $5,000. Assume the coefficients are A1 = 1kg CO2/dollar, and A2 = 0.5kg CO2/dollar. • $5,000 x 1kg CO2 /$ + $5,000 x 0.5 CO2/$ = 7.5t CO2 9
Example:Two sector economy with 1 = guns and 2 = butter • Your spending increases from $10,000 to $12,000, the butter sector improves to 0.25kg CO2 /$, but you shift your spending to guns 55%, butter 45%. Now your impact is • $6,600 x 1kg CO2 /$ + $5,400 x 0.25kg CO2 /$ = 7.95t CO2 10
Did the improvement in butter make you “sustainable”? • No! • CO2 increased by 6% • Why? • Increased spending overall and a shift in spending by category 11
Did the butter sector move toward “sustainable”? • Yes! P 5 , 400 5 , 000 � � 0 . 08 = = P 5 , 000 A e � � I = P (I/ P) = P (1/ e) 1 0 . 5 = � = e A for ΔΙ ≤0 1 you want e P � � Δ e/e ≥ Δ P/P � e P 12
Eight Spending Categories 1. Food, Restaurant, Alcohol (preparation in Utilities) 2. Housing, Purchase, Maintenance (financing in Services) 3. Clothing, Jewelry, Cleaning, Repair (wash and dry in Utilities) 4. Utilities (electricity, water, sewer, fuels used, trash) Note possible double counting 13
Eight Spending Categories 5. Transportation, personal only 6. Services, Health Care, Entertainment, Education, Legal,… 7. Insurance, Pensions, Financial Services and Investments 8. Government Services Note possible double counting 14
CMU I/O website http://www.eiolca.net/ 15
The pikan Lifestyle… (vegetarian student in a cooperative) 2.83 project, 2007 16 Jessica Vechakul
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Life Styles Studied 18
Life Styles Studied • Est. • Life Style • Est. Income • Energy (GJ) • Comment Expenditure • 1 Buddhist Monk II $8.5k $13k 120 interviewed • 2 Buddhist Monk I $21k $25k 290 interviewed • 3 Homeless person $7k $20k 125 composite • 4 Retired person $27k $94k 300 some interviews • 5 Five year old 0 $19k 130 estimated • 6 Soccer Mom $75k $73k 400 some interviews • 7 Teach for America $35k $40k-$50k 250-400 interviewed (3) • 8 Veg. College Student $11k $50k 180 interviewed • 9 Engineer $58k $92k 270 composite • 10 Commercial Artist $45k $70k 480 interviewed • 11 Manage Consultant $80k $90k 500 some interviews • 12 Nursing Home Patient 0 $90k 500 estimate • 13 Investment Banker $200k $210k 600 (3 variants) • 14 Coma Patient 0 $680k 2500 (3 variants) • 15 U.S. Senator $1M $950k 3700 (3 variants) 19 • 16 Pro Golfer $2.3M $1-1.7M 1000-8000 (2 variants)
Data for people in the US is available at the Bureau of Labor Statistics http://www.bls.gov/
A little more detail: 1. Food 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. grow process prepare eat waste food food Diet. Where does the food come from, is it organic or conventional, irrigated, hothouse, transported a long distance etc. Is the person a vegetarian or carnivore. How is the food prepared? Do you prepare your own food? Do you eat out? Do they compost their waste food products or throw them away? See Smil p 56-63, p 129-133, see FAO, Pimm 21
2. Clothing 3. 4. 5. 1. Mat’ls 2. Mfg wear wash waste Clothing. Does this person wear cotton clothing, polyester, … do they repair or replace it, are they fashion conscious and have a large wardrobe or do they wear the same thing every day, Do they wash and dry their clothes using hot water or cold water, are the clothes ironed, dry cleaned, line dried, etc. Are the used clothes recycled or thrown away? See “Well Dressed?” Julian Allwood, U Cambridge, Mfg Inst. 2006 22
3. Travel 4. 5. 3. 1. Mat’ls 2. Mfg Repair waste Use Travel. Here all categories of travel will be included, land, sea and air with special emphasis on automobiles and air travel,also included charter air travel as well as other modes such as bicycling and walking. Are carbon offsets used? See Smil p 139-149, HLM, Ch 6 23
4. Housing 4. 5. 3. 1. Mat’ls 2. Mfg Repair waste Use Housing. Do you rent or own? Where is the house located and what is the climate? Is the house large, small, new or old, repairs etc. Multiple houses? Do you heat and cool your home(s) while you are not in them? What fuels are used? These have to be calculated separately. Potential overlap with utilities. Financial aspects of housing can be important. 24
5. Utilities 4. 5. 3. 1. Mat’ls 2. Mfg Repair waste Use Utilities: Water, sewerage, electricity. How do you generate your electricity? Gas, oil, coal, hydro-electric, nuclear, wing, photovoltaic? This will vary by location, or use national average. There are Utilities sectors in the CMU/EIO model. 25
Appliances used in the home or elsewhere 4. 5. 3. 1. Mat’ls 2. Mfg Repair waste Use Household Appliances . This includes the refrigerators, washers, dryers, freezers, hot water heaters, toaster oven, fans, coffee maker, lighting and so forth. Also electronics, computers, TV, plasma screens, gameboys, charging cell phones… Note the overlap with Utilities and Housing. Don’t double count 26
Default values for power used in appliances source LBNL Default Values* Idle (Watts) In Use (Watts) Lights # of bulbs watts per bulb Fixture 1, 4 x 40 watt bulbs 4 40 0 160 Fixture 2, 2 x 60 watt bulbs 2 60 0 120 Fixture 3, 2 x 40 watt bulbs 2 40 0 80 Fixture 4, 1 x 60 watt bulb 1 60 0 60 Fixture 5, 1 x 11 watt bulb 1 11 0 11 Fixture 6, 1 x 25 watt bulb 1 25 0 25 Fans, etc Portable Air Cleaner Electric 0 50 Desk Fan 0 30 Floor Fan 0 30 Cleaning Clotheswasher 0 269.2 Clothes dryer 0 4500 Iron 0 1100 Vaccuum 0 650 Hand-Held Electric Vacuum 0 300 Hygiene Men's Shaver 1.4 15 Women's Shaver 1.4 15 Curling Iron 0 25 Hair Dryer 0 710 Hand Held Massager 0 15 Heating Pads 0 60 27
Default values for power used in appliances source LBNL Kitchen Can Opener 0 100 Blender 0 300 Juicer 0 125 Hand Mixers 0 150 Stand Mixers 0 100 Auto Coffee Maker 70 1500 Espresso Maker 0 360 Hot Plate 0 1250 Electric Stove Burner 0 1250 Electric Kettle 0 1500 Microwave 3.1 1500 Air Corn Popper 0 1400 Hot Oil Corn Popper 0 575 Slow Cooker 0 200 Electric grill 0 1800 Waffle Iron/Sandwhich Grill 0 1200 Dishwasher 0 694 Refrigerator 6.1 571 Entertainment Audio Stand-alone Boom Box 2.2 4.8 Mini-System 9.4 34 Clock Radio 1.7 8.3 28
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