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Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints LFG Syntactic Theory Winter Semester 2009/2010 Antske Fokkens Department of Computational Linguistics Saarland University 17 November 2009 Antske Fokkens Syntax

  1. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints LFG Syntactic Theory Winter Semester 2009/2010 Antske Fokkens Department of Computational Linguistics Saarland University 17 November 2009 Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 1 / 46

  2. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints Outline Syntactic Correspondences 1 Grammatical functions 2 3 Analyses and constraints Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 2 / 46

  3. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints Outline Syntactic Correspondences 1 Grammatical functions 2 3 Analyses and constraints Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 3 / 46

  4. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints Function φ φ maps nodes to their associated f-structure, i.e. φ : N → F φ ( n ) leads to the f-structure associated with n φ (M( n )) leads to the f-structure associated with the mother node of n ↓ ≡ φ ( n ) ↑ ≡ φ (M( n )) Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 4 / 46

  5. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints Mapping from c- to f-structure: The head convention Consider the following example: S φ : N → F 2 3 ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ PRED TENSE PAST 6 7 NP VP 6 7 6 2 3 7 ’David’ PRED 6 7 6 7 N V 6 SUBJ 6 NUM SG 7 7 4 4 5 5 3 David smiled PERS The head convention states that a phrase inherits its functional properties and requirements from its head: a constituent structure phrase and its head map to the same f-structure S, VP and V thus map to the same f-structure Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 5 / 46

  6. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints Annotating PS-rules: heads Consider the following rule to expand VP to V VP → V We express the fact that VP and V have the same f-structure by annotating the V-node: VP → V φ (M( n )) = φ ( n ) This equation indicates that the f-structure of the mothernode of V ( φ (M( n ))) is equal to the node of V ( φ ( n )) An alternative notation: VP → V ↑ = ↓ Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 6 / 46

  7. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints Annotating PS-rules: grammatical functions Consider the following example: S φ : N → F » – hi SUBJ NP VP Here the NP bears the SUBJ function The following phrase structure rule carries the additional information to derive the correct f-structure: S → NP VP ( φ (M( n )) SUBJ )= φ ( n ) φ (M( n )) = φ ( n ) An alternative notation: S → NP VP ( ↑ SUBJ ) = ↓ ↑ = ↓ Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 7 / 46

  8. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints Lexical Entries In lexical entries, information about the item’s f-structure is represented in the same way as in c-structures: smiled V ( ↑ PRED ) = ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ ( ↑ TENSE ) = PAST The equivalent phrase structure rule: V → smiled ( ↑ PRED ) = ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ ( ↑ TENSE ) = PAST Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 8 / 46

  9. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints An example analysis: David smiled We assume the following annotated PS-rules: S → NP VP ( ↑ SUBJ ) = ↓ ↑ = ↓ VP → V ↑ = ↓ NP → N ↑ = ↓ and the following lexical entries smiled V ( ↑ PRED ) = ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ ( ↑ TENSE ) = PAST David N ( ↑ PRED ) ’David’ ( ↑ NUMBER ) = SG ( ↑ PERSON ) = 3 Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 9 / 46

  10. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints Analysis of David smiled S NP VP ( ↑ SUBJ ) = ↓ ↑ = ↓ N V ↑ = ↓ ↑ = ↓ David smiled ( ↑ PRED ) = ’David’ ( ↑ PRED ) = ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ ( ↑ NUMBER ) = SG ( ↑ TENSE ) = PAST ( ↑ PERSON ) = 3 Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 10 / 46

  11. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints Instantiating the f-description of the sentence In order to get the functional description of the sentence, we associate each node with an f-structure: f s corresponds to node S S f np corresponds to node NP f n corresponds to node N NP VP f vp corresponds to node VP f v corresponds to node V ( ↑ SUBJ ) = ↓ ↑ = ↓ N V ↑ = ↓ ↑ = ↓ David smiled ( ↑ PRED ) = ’David’ ( ↑ PRED ) = ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ ( ↑ NUMBER ) = SG ( ↑ TENSE ) = PAST ( ↑ PERSON ) = 3 Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 11 / 46

  12. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints References of ↑ and ↓ S NP VP ( ↑ SUBJ ) = ↓ ↑ = ↓ N V ↑ = ↓ ↑ = ↓ David smiled ( ↑ PRED ) = ’David’ ( ↑ PRED ) = ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ ( ↑ NUMBER ) = SG ( ↑ TENSE ) = PAST ( ↑ PERSON ) = 3 Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 12 / 46

  13. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints References of ↑ and ↓ S NP VP ( ↑ SUBJ ) = ↓ ↑ = ↓ N V ↑ = ↓ ↑ = ↓ David smiled ( f n PRED ) = ’David’ ( ↑ PRED ) = ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ ( f n NUMBER ) = SG ( ↑ TENSE ) = PAST ( f n PERSON ) = 3 Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 12 / 46

  14. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints References of ↑ and ↓ S NP VP ( ↑ SUBJ ) = ↓ ↑ = ↓ N V f np = f n ↑ = ↓ David smiled ( f n PRED ) = ’David’ ( ↑ PRED ) = ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ ( f n NUMBER ) = SG ( ↑ TENSE ) = PAST ( f n PERSON ) = 3 Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 12 / 46

  15. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints References of ↑ and ↓ S NP VP ( f s SUBJ ) = f np f s = f vp N V f np = f n f vp = f v David smiled ( f n PRED ) = ’David’ ( f v PRED ) = ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ ( f n NUMBER ) = SG ( f v TENSE ) = PAST ( f n PERSON ) = 3 Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 12 / 46

  16. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints The functional description The tree on the previous slide provides the following functional description: ( f s SUBJ ) = f np f np = f n ( f n PRED ) = ’David’ ( f n NUMBER ) = SG ( f n PERSON ) = 3 f s = f vp f vp = f v ( f v PRED ) = ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ ( f v TENSE ) = PAST Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 13 / 46

  17. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints The functional description The tree on the previous slide provides the following functional description: 2 3 ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ PRED ( f s SUBJ ) = f np f np = f n 6 7 TENSE PAST 6 7 6 7 ( f n PRED ) = ’David’ 2 3 6 7 f s , f vp , f v ’David’ PRED 6 7 ( f n NUMBER ) = SG 6 7 6 7 f np , f n 6 7 ( f n PERSON ) = 3 SUBJ NUMBER SG 6 7 6 7 4 5 4 5 f s = f vp 3 PERSON f vp = f v ( f v PRED ) = ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ ( f v TENSE ) = PAST Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 13 / 46

  18. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints F-structure of an utterance The minimal solution of a functional description is the f-structure that satisfies the functional description and contains no additional attribute-value pairs The f-structure of an utterance is the minimal solution satisfying the constraints introduced by the words and the phrase structure of the utterance (Dalrymple 2001, p: 101) In other words: the f-structure of an utterance must contain all relevant information provided by the string, and nothing more Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 14 / 46

  19. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints David smiled : f- and annotated c-structure 2 3 ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ PRED 6 7 TENSE PAST S 6 7 6 7 2 3 6 7 f s , f vp , f v ’David’ PRED 6 7 6 7 6 7 f np , f n 6 SUBJ NUMBER SG 7 6 7 6 7 4 5 NP VP 4 5 3 PERSON ( f s SUBJ ) = f np f s = f vp N V f np = f n f vp = f v David smiled ( f n PRED ) = ’David’ ( f v PRED ) = ’smile < ( ↑ SUBJ ) > ’ ( f n NUMBER ) = SG ( f v TENSE ) = PAST ( f n PERSON ) = 3 Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 15 / 46

  20. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints Adjuncts The attribute ADJ takes a set as its value The c-structure/f-structure correspondance rule expresses membership to a set as follows: N → AdjP N ↓ ∈ ( ↑ ADJ ) ↑ = ↓ N 2 3 ’girl’ PRED NUMBER SG 6 7 A N 6 7 3 6 PERSON 7 ↓ ∈ ( ↑ ADJ ) ↑ = ↓ 6 7 6 7  ff h i 4 5 ’pretty’ ADJ PRED pretty girl Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 16 / 46

  21. Syntactic Correspondences Grammatical functions Analyses and constraints Outline Syntactic Correspondences 1 Grammatical functions 2 3 Analyses and constraints Antske Fokkens Syntax — Lexical Functional Grammar 17 / 46

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