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http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs1110/2019sp Lecture 15: Recursion (Sections 5.8-5.10) CS 1110 Introduction to Computing Using Python [E. Andersen, A. Bracy, D. Gries, L. Lee, S. Marschner, C. Van Loan, W. White] Recursion Recursive

  1. http://www.cs.cornell.edu/courses/cs1110/2019sp Lecture 15: Recursion (Sections 5.8-5.10) CS 1110 Introduction to Computing Using Python [E. Andersen, A. Bracy, D. Gries, L. Lee, S. Marschner, C. Van Loan, W. White]

  2. Recursion Recursive Function : A function that calls itself (see also Recursive Function) Two parts to every recursive function: 1. A simple case: can be solved easily 2. A complex case: can be made simpler (and simpler, and simpler… until it looks like the simple case) 2

  3. Russian Dolls! 3

  4. What is the simple case that can be solved easily? A: The case where the doll has a seam and another doll inside of it. B: The case where the doll has no seam and no doll inside of it. C: A & B are both simple D : I do not know 4

  5. Russian Dolls! Heap Space Global Space d1 id1 id1 Doll "Dmitry" d2 id2 name "Dmitry" hasSeam False None innerDoll "Catherine" id2 Doll name "Catherine" import russian hasSeam True d1 = russian.Doll("Dmitry", None) id1 innerDoll d2 = russian.Doll("Catherine", d1) 5

  6. def open_doll(d): """Input: a Russian Doll Opens the Russian Doll d """ print("My name is "+ d.name) if d.hasSeam: inner = d.innerDoll open_doll(inner) else: print("That's it!") idx Doll name hasSeam innerDoll

  7. Examples • Russian Dolls • Blast Off! • Towers of Hanoi 7

  8. Blast Off! blast_off(5) # must be a positive int 5 4 3 2 1 BLAST OFF! blast_off(0) BLAST OFF! 8

  9. Blast Off! blast_off(5) # must be a positive int 5 What is the simple case 4 that can be solved easily? 3 2 A: negative n B: positive n 1 C: n == 0 BLAST OFF! D : n == 1 E : I do not know . blast_off(0) BLAST OFF! 9

  10. Blast Off! def blast_off(n): """Input: a positive int Counts down from n to Blast-Off! """ if (n == 0): print("BLAST OFF!") else: print(n) blast_off(n-1) 10

  11. Tower of Hanoi • Three towers: left , middle , and right • n disks of unique sizes on left • Goal : move all disks from left to right • Cannot put a larger disk on top of a smaller disk 1 2 3 4 middle right left 11

  12. 1 Disc: Easy! 1. Move from left to right 1 left middle right Solving for 1 tower is easy! That's the simple case! 12

  13. 2 Discs: Step 1 1. Move from left to middle 1 2 left middle right Thought: If I could get Disk 1 off of Disk 2, I could move Disk 2 to where it's supposed to go…. Moving 1 disk is easy! 13

  14. 2 Discs: Step 2 1. Move from left to middle 2. Move from left to right 2 1 left middle right Thought: Now that Disk 1 is gone, I can move Disk 2 to where it's supposed to go. 14

  15. 2 Discs: Step 3 (final) 1. Move from left to middle 2. Move from left to right 3. Move from middle to right 1 2 left middle right Thought: Now that Disk 2, is where it's supposed to be, all I have to do is move Disk 1. Moving 1 disk is easy! 15

  16. 3 Discs! 1 2 3 left middle right Thought: If I could get Disks 1& 2 off of Disk 3, I could move Disk 3 to where it's supposed to go…. And I know how to 16 move 2 Disks from the previous slide!

  17. 3 Discs: Moving Disks 1&2 off of Disk 3 (1) 1. Move from left to right 1 2 3 left middle right 17

  18. 3 Discs: Moving Disks 1&2 off of Disk 3 (2) 1. Move from left to right 2. Move from left to middle 2 3 1 left middle right 18

  19. 3 Discs: Moving Disks 1&2 off of Disk 3 (3) 1. Move from left to right 2. Move from left to middle 3. Move from right to middle 3 2 1 left middle right 19

  20. 3 Discs: Move Disk 3 to the Goal 1. Move from left to right 2. Move from left to middle 3. Move from right to middle 4. Move from left to right 1 3 2 left middle right 20

  21. 3 Discs: Moving Disks 1&2 to the Goal (1) 1. Move from left to right 2. Move from left to middle 3. Move from right to middle 4. Move from left to right 5. Move from middle to left 1 2 3 left middle right 21

  22. 3 Discs: Moving Disks 1&2 to the Goal (2) 1. Move from left to right 2. Move from left to middle 3. Move from right to middle 4. Move from left to right 5. Move from middle to left 6. Move from middle to right 1 2 3 left middle right 22

  23. 3 Discs: Moving Disks 1&2 to the Goal (3) 1. Move from left to right 2. Move from left to middle 3. Move from right to middle 4. Move from left to right 5. Move from middle to left 2 6. Move from middle to right 1 3 left middle right 7. Move from left to right 23

  24. 4 Discs: Oh, boy... Thought: If I could get Disks 1&2&3 off of Disk 4, I could move Disk 4 to where it's supposed to 1 2 go…. And I know how to 3 move 3 Disks from the 4 left middle right previous slide! 24

  25. Rely on the solution for the simpler case 1 1 = 2 1 2 3 3 4 4 Hanoi(3,L à M) Hanoi(4,L à R) (uncover the big one) 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 4 Hanoi(3,M à R) move the big one 25 (cover the big one)

  26. solve_hanoi(n, start, goal, temp) """Prints instructions for how to move n disks (sorted small to large, going down) from the start peg to the goal peg, using the temp peg if needed. """ if n == 1: print("move from "+start+" to "+goal) else: # need to move top n-1 disks from start to temp so that I can move # the bottom disk to goal… luckily, I have a function that does that! 1 solve_hanoi(n-1, start, temp, goal) # move the bottom disk from start to goal 2 print(“move from ”+ start +“ to ”+ goal) # now put everything back on the last disk at goal 3 solve_hanoi(n-1, temp, goal, start) 26

  27. Divide and Conquer Goal : Solve really big problem P Idea : Split into simpler problems, solve, combine 3 Steps: 1. Decide what to do for simple cases 2. Decide how to break up the task 3. Decide how to combine your work 27

  28. Recursion vs Iteration • Recursion is provably equivalent to iteration § Iteration includes for-loop and while-loop (later) § Anything can do in one, can do in the other • But some things are easier with recursion § And some things are easier with iteration • Will not teach you when to choose recursion • We just want you to understand the technique 28

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