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Learning Word Representations by Jointly Modeling Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations Fei Sun , Jiafeng Guo, Yanyan Lan, Jun Xu, and Xueqi Cheng CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese

  1. Learning Word Representations by Jointly Modeling Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations Fei Sun , Jiafeng Guo, Yanyan Lan, Jun Xu, and Xueqi Cheng CAS Key Lab of Network Data Science and Technology Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences July 20, 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 1 / 28

  2. Word Representations Sentiment Machine Analysis Translation [Kalchbrenner and [Maas et al., Blunsom, 2013] 2011] language POS Word Taging modeling Representations [Collobert et al., [Bengio et al., 2011] 2003] Word-Sense Parsing Disambiguation [Socher et al., [Collobert et al., 2011] 2011] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 2 / 28

  3. Word Representations Models GloVe [Pennington et al., 2014] Word2Vec [Mikolov et al., 2013] LBL [Mnih and Hinton, 2007] NPLMs [Bengio et al., 2003] LDA [Blei et al., 2003] HAL [Deerwester et al., 1990] LSI BOW [Lund et al., 1995] [Harris, 1954] 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 3 / 28

  4. Word Representations Models GloVe [Pennington et al., 2014] Word2Vec [Mikolov et al., 2013] LBL [Mnih and Hinton, 2007] NPLMs [Bengio et al., 2003] Relations? LDA [Blei et al., 2003] HAL [Deerwester et al., 1990] LSI BOW [Lund et al., 1995] [Harris, 1954] 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 3 / 28

  5. Relations One Hypothesis Two Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 4 / 28

  6. The Distributional Hypothesis [Harris, 1954, Firth, 1957] “ You shall know a word by the company it keeps .” —J.R. Firth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 5 / 28

  7. Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic Relations [Gabrilovich and Markovitch, 2007] syntagmatic was a physicist. Albert Einstein paradigmatic Feynman was a physicist. Richard syntagmatic • Syntagmatic: words co-occur in the same text region • Paradigmatic: words occur in the same context, may not at the same time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 6 / 28

  8. Syntagmatic syntagmatic was a physicist. Albert Einstein Feynman was a physicist. Richard syntagmatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 7 / 28

  9. Syntagmatic syntagmatic was a physicist. Albert Einstein Feynman was a physicist. Richard syntagmatic d 1 d 2 Einstein 1 0 Feynman 0 1 physicist 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 7 / 28

  10. Syntagmatic syntagmatic was a physicist. Albert Einstein Feynman was a physicist. Richard syntagmatic Feynman physicist 1 d 1 d 2 Einstein 1 0 Feynman 0 1 physicist 1 1 Einstein 0 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 7 / 28

  11. Syntagmatic syntagmatic was a physicist. Albert Einstein Feynman was a physicist. Richard syntagmatic Feynman physicist 1 d 1 d 2 Einstein 1 0 Feynman 0 1 physicist 1 1 Einstein 0 1 LSI, LDA, PV-DBOW · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 7 / 28

  12. Paradigmatic was a physicist. Albert Einstein paradigmatic Feynman was a physicist. Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 8 / 28

  13. Paradigmatic was a physicist. Albert Einstein paradigmatic Feynman was a physicist. Richard Einstein Feynman physicist Einstein 0 0 1 Feynman 0 0 1 physicist 1 1 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 8 / 28

  14. Paradigmatic was a physicist. Albert Einstein paradigmatic Feynman was a physicist. Richard Einstein Feynman physicist Einstein 0 0 1 Einstein Feynman Feynman 0 0 1 physicist physicist 1 1 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 8 / 28

  15. Paradigmatic was a physicist. Albert Einstein paradigmatic Feynman was a physicist. Richard Einstein Feynman physicist Einstein 0 0 1 Einstein Feynman Feynman 0 0 1 physicist physicist 1 1 0 0 0 0 NLMs, Word2Vec, GloVe · · · . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 8 / 28

  16. Motivation syntagmatic was a physicist. Albert Einstein paradigmatic Word2Vec PV-DBOW Feynman was a physicist. Richard syntagmatic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 9 / 28

  17. Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 10 / 28

  18. nw nw Parallel Document Context Model (PDC) . . . N ∑ ∑ log p ( w n i | h n ℓ = i ) the w n n =1 i ∈ d n Paradigmatic cat on the sat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 11 / 28

  19. nw nw Parallel Document Context Model (PDC) . . . N ( ) ∑ ∑ log p ( w n i | h n i )+ log p ( w n ℓ = i | d n ) the w n n =1 i ∈ d n Paradigmatic cat on the sat . . . . . . the cat sat Syntagmatic on the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 11 / 28

  20. Parallel Document Context Model (PDC) . . . N ( ) ∑ ∑ log p ( w n i | h n i )+ log p ( w n ℓ = i | d n ) the w n n =1 i ∈ d n Paradigmatic Negative Sampling cat N ( ∑ ∑ log σ ( ⃗ i · ⃗ i )+ log σ ( ⃗ i · ⃗ w n h n w n ℓ = d n ) on w n n =1 i ∈ d n w ′ · ⃗ + k · E w ′ ∼ P nw log σ ( ⃗ h n i ) the ) w ′ · ⃗ sat + k · E w ′ ∼ P nw log σ ( ⃗ d n ) . 1 . σ ( x ) = . 1 + exp ( − x ) . . . the cat sat Syntagmatic on the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 11 / 28

  21. Parallel Document Context Model (PDC) . . . N ( ) ∑ ∑ log p ( w n i | h n i )+ log p ( w n ℓ = i | d n ) the w n n =1 i ∈ d n Paradigmatic Negative Sampling cat N ( ∑ ∑ log σ ( ⃗ i · ⃗ i )+ log σ ( ⃗ i · ⃗ w n h n w n ℓ = d n ) on w n n =1 i ∈ d n w ′ · ⃗ + k · E w ′ ∼ P nw log σ ( ⃗ h n i ) the ) w ′ · ⃗ sat + k · E w ′ ∼ P nw log σ ( ⃗ d n ) . 1 . σ ( x ) = . 1 + exp ( − x ) . . . the cat sat PDC PV-DM Syntagmatic on the . . . MF for W-D + W-C not clear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 11 / 28

  22. nw nc Hierarchical Document Context Model (HDC) N ∑ ∑ log p ( w n ℓ = i | d n ) w n n =1 i ∈ d n sat Syntagmatic . . . the cat sat on the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 12 / 28

  23. nw nc Hierarchical Document Context Model (HDC) on cat · · · the the · · · N i + L ( ) ∑ ∑ ∑ log p ( w n log p ( c n j | w n ℓ = i | d n )+ i ) w n n =1 i ∈ d n j = i − L j ̸ = i Paradigmatic sat Syntagmatic . . . the cat sat on the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fei Sun W ORD R EPRESENTATION July 20, 2015 12 / 28

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