learned from the astronomy and earth exploration communities in - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Session 2A. The needs of passive spectrum users and the lessons learned from the astronomy and earth exploration communities in terms of spectrum sharing. Moderator: Sandra Cruz-Pol Oct 19, 2015

RF Spectrum definition • It’s the range of frequencies of em waves Between 3kHz-3THz

How do we choose f ? Many factors: antenna size, available technology, cost,.. but mainly: • Atmospheric attenuation • Physical properties of EM waves vary with frequency – Resonant molecules, – Sensitivity to Earth parameters,

Atmospheric Attenuation Due to resonance with several molecules

Atmospheric Attenuation In general, attenuation increases as frequency increases . Price also increases but antenna size is smaller.

Sensitivity of f • The physical parameters we want to measure, need to use specific frequency, ex. Salinity, water, …

Astronomical Spectral Lines and Doppler Shift Continuum Needed to study quasars, black holes, CMB (Big Bang) , dark matter, planets…

Passive surviving in an active world Passive- • only Rx Active • Tx & Rx

RFI Passive Passive

Katrina Did you know that (Passive Microwave Satellite)

1979 2003 SMMR AMSR-E 1987 2004

Arecibo Observatory Radar only 30% of time Passive ~70% of time Frequencies- 13.36MHz-10.6GHz 3 Tx with eirp [effective isotropic radiated powers] =300 MW at 47 MHz =2.5 TW at 430 MHz =20 TW at 2.38 GHz Rx Sensitivity= -250 dBW/m 2 /Hz 1 jansky = 1 Jy ≡ 10 -26 W/m2/Hz

Occurrence of RFI versus frequency by month for Arecibo http://www.naic.edu/~phil/rfi/rms.html Jan-Sept 2014

Radar from hilltop monitor • Compare radar frequency usage: • Top: 29may09 pre CARSR, pre PuntaSalinas upgrage • middle:27apr15:CARSR, new puntaSalinas (modeA) • Bottom:14oct15:CARSR, new puntaSalinas, all chan. • Punta Salinas coordination sometimes fails: • Dec 2014 : mode A when AO uses lband • July 2014: not going to modeA • Had trouble with their radar. Jul,Aug14 • This was pre 100 channel mode.

1245M-Glonass 1265-70 Galileo/ 1227M-L2-satellite Chinnesse Compass sat. • 300 1 sec integrations with alfa receiver • 1220 to 1390 MHz band. • Telescope sitting, sky drifting. • Dynamic spectrum (flattened by median) • Image shows: • Radars, 12 sec rotation periods • IQ image of aerostat • GPS L2, glonass, probably Galileo

You can get $25,000 bill from FCC if you are using an illegal frequency. Click to see examples http://www.fcc.gov/encyclopedia/weather- radar-interference-enforcement

Most vulnerable to RFI Other NSF funded facilities

Most vulnerable to RFI Other NSF funded facilities Up to 720GHz in Chile. ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter / submillimeter Array ) is the largest radio telescope in the world. It was officially put into operation on 13 March 2013 scientific observations take place, however since October 2011. In June 2014 was erected the last of 66 planned antennas. They are used as interferometer for millimeter-wave and submillimeter used. Measures noise-like signals from galaxies far away…

U.N. – ITU (Intl Telecomm. Union) • ITU Formed: 1865 ---1 st int’l body! ( UN in 1945) • U.S. is special Case: • Federal-NTIA • assignments • NonFed-FCC • licenses

Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee (IRAC) BBG Air Transportation DHS VA U.S. Force State Postal Energy Service Navy Chair (NTIA) FCC (Liaison) NSF NASA Agriculture Commerce Interior FAA Justice Coast Treasury Army Guard

List of the RF services abbreviations Abbreviations Radio services RR definition aeronautical mobile service AMS No. 1.32 aeronautical mobile (route) service AM(R)S No. 1.33 aeronautical mobile-satellite service AMSS No. 1.35 aeronautical mobile-satellite (route) service AMS(R)S No. 1.36 aeronautical radionavigation service ARNS No. 1.46 aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service ARNSS No. 1.47 amateur service AS No. 1.56 amateur-satellite service ASS No. 1.57 broadcasting service BS No. 1.38 broadcasting-satellite service BSS No. 1.39 Earth exploration-satellite service EESS No. 1.51 fixed service FS No. 1.20 fixed-satellite service FSS No. 1.21 inter-satellite service ISS No. 1.22 land mobile service LMS No. 1.26 land mobile-satellite service LMSS No. 1.27 meteorological aids service MetAids No. 1.50

List of the RF services abbreviations Abbreviations Radio services RR definition meteorological-satellite service MetSat No. 1.52 MMS maritime mobile service No. 1.28 MMSS maritime mobile-satellite service No. 1.29 MRNS maritime radionavigation service No. 1.44 MRNSS maritime radionavigation-satellite service No. 1.45 MS mobile service No. 1.24 MSS mobile-satellite service No. 1.25 radio astronomy service RAS No. 1.58 RDS radiodetermination service No. 1.40 RDSS radiodetermination-satellite service No. 1.41 RLS radiolocation service No. 1.48 RLSS radiolocation-satellite service No. 1.49 radionavigation service RNS No. 1.42 RNSS radionavigation-satellite service No. 1.43 SOS space operation service No. 1.23 SRS space research service No. 1.55

“The Red Book” • Manual Of Regulations And Procedures For Federal Radio Frequency Management – 2013 Edition May 2013 • 800+ pages • “Living” document – constantly changing

“The Red Book” Note: some are in lowercase some in Capital letters.

MOU -Coordination Did you know that Objects under Study (e.g. Pulsars, sunspots, galaxy) …far, far Away Active sensor Tx (radar) Passive sensor Rx (Radiometer) Arecibo Observatory

PR Map 22 o 22 o Radar surveillance for drug traffic sea vessels

World Radiocommunication Conference WRC  Updates the Radio Regulations (treaty status) • Spectrum Allocation • Coordination and Notification procedures • Administrative and operational procedures  Adopts Resolutions  Held every 3-4 years RR WRC

WRC Agenda I tems… examples • AI-1.1 Considers allocations for mobile (IMT) in several bands of interest to NSF such as 1330-1400 MHz used for HI extragalactic detection. • AI-1.12 Considers extending EESS to X-band which may impact other services. • AI-1.17 Considers allocations for WAIC consideration of 22GHz, 50-60 GHz & 2.7 GHz • AI-1.18 Vehicle anti-collision radars- in 77.5-76GHz. • AI-1.10 Considers allocations for mobile (IMT) in several bands such as 22-26 GHz used for water vapor, ammonia and CH 3 OH detection.

U.N. – ITU – Geneva, SZ

U.N. – ITU – Geneva, SZ

2016 RF Spectrum Workshop • May 23-27 – 2016 • At UPR-Mayaguez PR • 1 week • Sponsored by NSF

Useful knowledge • RF systems; mixers, oscillators, • Radiometer design transmission line propagation, etc. • Power flux density, dB/m 2 /Hz, Jy • Filter design • dBW, dBm , … • Harmonics • Radar Equation • Fourier, time-domain, frequency-domain • Radar range resolution • Microwave and millimeter remote sensors: • Bandwidth – and relation to pulse both passive and active width, integration time • Research using these bands: C-band, S- • Received power Budget (a.k.a. Friis band, X-band, Ku-band, K-band, Ka-band, equation) W-band • Sensitivity equation S/N • Microwave Remote Sensing:Atmospheric • Noise/Interference Attenuation and Propagation, Mie • Scattering, Bragg scattering, Rayleigh Antenna theory and design; Sidelobes, radiation patterns, beamwidth, Scattering • Gregorian dish, Rain, hail and other hydrometeor effect in • atmospheric path delay Antenna arrays (interferometry)

Obama 2010 MEMO Presidential Memorandum -- Expanding America's Leadership in Wireless Innovation. • All agencies must make 500 MHz of Federal and nonfederal spectrum available for wireless broadband use by year 2020. – focusing on the 1695-1710 MHz band, the 1755- 1850 MHz band, and the 5350-5470 and 5850- 5925 MHz bands

*”Companies bid over $40 billion .. for six blocks of airwaves, totaling 65 MHz of the electromagnetic spectrum” -CNET , Jan 2015

Improve Frequency Spectrum Use (1) • Coordination in “3D”: space, frequency &time • TVWS -TV White Spaces androcs.com

Improve Frequency Spectrum Use (2) Dynamic Spectrum Sharing • Ex. Google Spectrum Database

RAS/EESS Benefits $$$ are hard to quantify

Questions?