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Learn Prolog Now! SWI Prolog Freely available Prolog interpreter Works with Linux, Windows, or Mac OS There are many more Prolog interpreters Not all are ISO compliant/free Lecture 1 Theory Introduction to

  1. Learn Prolog Now!

  2. SWI Prolog • Freely available Prolog interpreter • Works with – Linux, – Windows, or – Mac OS • There are many more Prolog interpreters • Not all are ISO compliant/free

  3. Lecture 1 • Theory – Introduction to Prolog – Facts, Rules and Queries – Prolog Syntax • Exercises – Exercises of LPN chapter 1 – Practical work

  4. Aim of this lecture (1/2) • Give some simple examples of Prolog programs • Discuss the three basic constructs in Prolog: – Facts – Rules – Queries

  5. Aim of this lecture (2/2) • Introduce other concepts, such as – the role of logic – unification with the help of variables • Begin the systematic study of Prolog by defining – terms – atoms, and – variables

  6. Prolog • "Programming with Logic" • Very different from other programming languages – Declarative (not procedural) – Recursion (no “for” or “while” loops) – Relations (no functions) – Unification

  7. History of Prolog first Prolog interpreter by Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel 1 972 1 977 1980 1980s/1990s 2005

  8. History of Prolog implementation of DEC10 compiler by David H.D. Warren 1 972 1 977 1980 1980s/1990s 2005

  9. History of Prolog Definite Clause Grammars implementation by Pereira and Warren 1 972 1 977 1980 1980s/1990s 2005

  10. History of Prolog Prolog grows in popularity especially in Japan and Europe 1 972 1 977 1980 1980s/1990s 2005

  11. History of Prolog Prolog used to program natural language interface in International Space Station by NASA 1 972 1 977 1980 1980s/1990s 2005

  12. History of Prolog Parts of IBM’s Watson QA supercomputer were coded in Prolog 1 972 1 977 1980 1980s/1990s 2011

  13. Prolog and Web Applications • prolog programs are often smaller • smallness encourages well written code • hence, easier to maintain Source: Source: http://www.pathwayslms.com/swipltuts/

  14. Basic idea of Prolog • Describe the situation of interest • Ask a question • Prolog: – logically deduces new facts about the situation we described – gives us its deductions back as answers

  15. Consequences • Think declaratively, not procedurally – Challenging – Requires a different mindset • High-level language – Not as efficient as, say, C – Good for rapid prototyping – Useful in many AI applications (knowledge representation, inference)

  16. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party.

  17. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?-

  18. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- woman(mia).

  19. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- woman(mia). yes ?-

  20. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- woman(mia). yes ?- playsAirGuitar(jody).

  21. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- woman(mia). yes ?- playsAirGuitar(jody). yes ?-

  22. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- woman(mia). yes ?- playsAirGuitar(jody). yes ?- playsAirGuitar(mia).

  23. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- woman(mia). yes ?- playsAirGuitar(jody). yes ?- playsAirGuitar(mia). no

  24. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- tattoed(jody).

  25. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- tattoed(jody). no ?-

  26. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- tattoed(jody). ERROR: predicate tattoed/1 not defined. ?-

  27. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- party.

  28. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- party. yes ?-

  29. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- rockConcert.

  30. Knowledge Base 1 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(jody). party. ?- rockConcert. no ?-

  31. Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda).

  32. Knowledge Base 2 fact happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda).

  33. Knowledge Base 2 fact happy(yolanda). fact listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda).

  34. Knowledge Base 2 fact happy(yolanda). fact listens2music(mia). rule listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda).

  35. Knowledge Base 2 fact happy(yolanda). fact listens2music(mia). rule listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). rule playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda).

  36. Knowledge Base 2 fact happy(yolanda). fact listens2music(mia). rule listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). rule playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). rule

  37. Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). head body

  38. Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). ?-

  39. Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). ?- playsAirGuitar(mia). yes ?-

  40. Knowledge Base 2 happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). ?- playsAirGuitar(mia). yes ?- playsAirGuitar(yolanda). yes

  41. Clauses happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). There are five clauses in this knowledge base: two facts, and three rules. The end of a clause is marked with a full stop.

  42. Predicates happy(yolanda). listens2music(mia). listens2music(yolanda):- happy(yolanda). playsAirGuitar(mia):- listens2music(mia). playsAirGuitar(yolanda):- listens2music(yolanda). There are three predicates in this knowledge base: happy, listens2music, and playsAirGuitar

  43. Knowledge Base 3 happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch). playsAirGuitar(butch):- listens2music(butch).

  44. Expressing Conjunction happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch). playsAirGuitar(butch):- listens2music(butch). The comma “," expresses conjunction in Prolog

  45. Knowledge Base 3 happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch). playsAirGuitar(butch):- listens2music(butch). ?- playsAirGuitar(vincent).

  46. Knowledge Base 3 happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch). playsAirGuitar(butch):- listens2music(butch). ?- playsAirGuitar(vincent). no ?-

  47. Knowledge Base 3 happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch). playsAirGuitar(butch):- listens2music(butch). ?- playsAirGuitar(butch).

  48. Knowledge Base 3 happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch). playsAirGuitar(butch):- listens2music(butch). ?- playsAirGuitar(butch). yes ?-

  49. Expressing Disjunction happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch). playsAirGuitar(butch):- listens2music(butch). happy(vincent). listens2music(butch). playsAirGuitar(vincent):- listens2music(vincent), happy(vincent). playsAirGuitar(butch):- happy(butch); listens2music(butch).

  50. Prolog and Logic • Clearly, Prolog has something to do with logic... Prolog Logic Implication A :- B B  A Conjunction A,B A ∧ B Disjunction A;B A ∨ B • Use of inference (modus ponens) • Negation (?)

  51. Knowledge Base 4 woman(mia). woman(jody). woman(yolanda). loves(vincent, mia). loves(marsellus, mia). loves(pumpkin, honey_bunny). loves(honey_bunny, pumpkin).

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