Laterality Test Dominant Hand – Which hand do you prefer to use for writing, cutting, and waving? 1. 2. Which hand has the largest circumference? Measure by knuckles and make a fist. 3. Draw the head of a dog. Which direction does it point to? Dominant Foot – Which shoe has the greatest amount of wear? 4. 5. Humans express emotion more intensely on one side of the face than the other. Can you raise one eyebrow? Which side do you smirk to? Which eye do you wink? Dominant Eye – Keep both eyes open. Use your thumb to point to a distant object 6. (i.e. clock). Then alternately close each eye. Which lines up best with your thump? Interlock your fingers. Which thumb is on top? [1] 7. Cross your arms. Which arm is on the outside? [2] 8. Look directly behind you. Which side do you turn toward? [3] 9. 10. Which ear do you prefer listening with? Which side is your phone on? Brain Hemisphere Dominance – Draw a circle with your right hand and mark the 11. direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise). Repeat with your left hand. Which diagram matches your circles? [1] Right thumb on top is a lefty trait. [2] Right arm out is a lefty trait. [3] Turning over your right shoulder is a lefty trait.
Mitosis and Meiosis
Vocabulary of Mitosis Cell Cycle – Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide Mitosis (asexual) – Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the nucleus divides Meiosis (sexual) – Process where the number of chromosomes in a cell is cut in half
Meiosis Mitosis Number of 1 division of the nucleus and 1 2 nuclear and 2 cytoplasmic divisions Divisions: Cytokinesis Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Steps: Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Telophase and Cytokinesis Anaphase II and Telophase II. Occurs in: Eukaryotes all organisms Produces: four haploid daughter cells two diploid daughter cells Genetically: different identical Cellular reproduction where the number of Asexual reproduction where cell chromosomes is reduced by half through the divides in two producing a replica Definition: separation of homologous chromosomes in a with an equal number of diploid cell. chromosomes Chromosome Reduced by half Remains the same Number: Cellular (asexual) Reproduction; Function: sexual reproduction general growth and repair of the body Type of Sexual Asexual Reproduction: Makes everything other than sex Creates: Sex cells -Female egg cells Male sperm cells cells (Somatic Cells) Number of Cells 4 2 produced:
Vocabulary of Mitosis Cell Cycle – Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide Mitosis (asexual) – Part of eukaryotic cell division during which the nucleus divides Meiosis (sexual) – Process where the number of chromosomes in a cell is cut in half Interphase – Period of growth and cell operations Prophase – Genetic material unravels Metaphase – Genetic material lines up in the middle of the cell Anaphase – Genetic material moves to either side of the cell Telophase – Genetic material forms new nucleii Cytokinesis – Cells separate
Place the phases in order from Longest to Shortest Which of the five phases takes the longest period of time? What do you think the cell does during that phase?
Cancer – Mitosis Gone Wrong Study Sheet Read the Cancer- Mitosis Gone Wrong reading. Then answer these questions to keep as a study guide for yourself. 1. Cancer is when what cell process is uncontrolled? 2. Normal cells of the body spend most of their time in which phase of mitosis? 3. List the 5 ways that cancer cells are different than normal cells of the body. 4. How do you end up dying from cancer? Explain how the body loses energy due to cancer in the space below. 5. List the different possible causes of cancer given in the reading.
6. All of these causes increase the likelihood of cells becoming ________________, which means that cells may not repair and follow a proper cell division cycle. 7. A tumor is defined as 8. Compare the two types of tumors 9. How is cancer treated? 10. In order to determine if a tumor is cancerous, a doctor will take a ______________________ of it. Describe in the space below what is done during this procedure and why.
11. If a tumor is deemed cancerous, then one could do a variety of treatments. For each treatment, state what is done to treat the tumor: Surgery – Chemotherapy – Radiation Treatment –
Analysis 1. Anything that the cell takes in (oxygen, water, food) or lets out (carbon dioxide, waste) passes through the cell membrane. Which measurement of your model be represents the surface area of the cell membrane? 2. Everything inside of the cell, including organelles and cytoplasm, uses food and oxygen and produces waste. Which measurement of your model best represents the total contents of the cell? 3. As the cell grows larger and accumulates more contents, will it need more or less cell membrane to survive? Explain your answer. 4. As a cell grows larger, what happens to its surface area to volume ratio?
Analysis 5. As a cell grows larger, what happens to its surface area to mass ratio? 6. Which cell model has the greatest surface area to volume and surface area to mass ratios? 7. Why do cells not survive when the surface area to volume and surface area to mass ratios become too small? 8. Which cell model has the best chance of surviving? 9. How could the surface area to volume ratio be increased for a large cell?
Patterns of Inheritance
Patterns of Inheritance Vocabulary Trait – Heredity – Allele – Phenotype - Genotype – Dominant – Recessive – Homozygous – Heterozygous –
Patterns of Inheritance Vocabulary Trait – Variation of a characteristic found in a group of organisms Heredity – Passing traits from one generation to the next Allele – Alternative versions of a gene Phenotype - Expressed trait of an organism Genotype – Genetic make-up of an organism Dominant – Allele that determine the phenotype Recessive – Allele that has no noticeable affect on the phenotype Homozygous – Two identical alleles for a gene Heterozygous – Two different alleles for a gene
Dimples is dominant to no dimples. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a heterozygous female and a homozygous dominant male. Short hair is dominant to long hair in mice. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a homozygous recessive female and a heterozygous male. Cleft chin is dominant to no cleft chin. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a heterozygous female and a heterozygous male
Brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a homozygous dominant female and a homozygous dominant male. Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers in pea plants. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a homozygous dominant female and a heterozygous male. Brown hair is dominant to gray hair in mice. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a homozygous recessive female and a homozygous recessive male.
Free ear lobes are dominant to attached ear lobes. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a heterozygous female and a homozygous recessive male. Green peas are dominant to yellow peas. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a heterozygous female and a heterozygous male. Tall plants are dominant to short plants. Determine the genotype and phenotype ratios for a homozygous recessive female and a homozygous dominant male.
A homozygous dominant brown mouse is crossed with a heterozygous brown mouse (tan is the recessive color). Two heterozygous white (brown fur is recessive) rabbits are crossed. A heterozygous white rabbit is crossed with a homozygous black rabbit
Describe the contribution of Why did Rosalind Franklin each of the following scientists NOT receive the Nobel Prize to the discovery of DNA alongside Watson and Crick • Mendel • Avery and Others What does the future hold for • Chargoff DNA research • Rosalind Franklin • Watson and Crick
The sides of the ladder are made of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose. The sugar in RNA is ribose. The two sides are held together by hydrogen bonds The rungs of the ladder are nitrogen bases Color all the phosphates pink Color all the deoxyriboses blue Color all the ribose a darker blue Color the hydrogen bonds grey
Structure of DNA 1.DNA can be found in what organelles? Nucleus, Mitochondria, and Chloroplast 2.What scientists are credited with establishing the structure of DNA? Watson and Crick 3.What is the shape of DNA? Double Helix (Ladder twisted) 4.What are the sides of the DNA ladder made of? Sugar (deoxyribose)
Worksheet: Structure of DNA 5. What three parts make up a single nucleotide: Nitrogenous Base Pentose Sugar Phosphate Group 6. What are the 4 bases that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder? Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine 7. What sugar is found in DNA? Deoxyribose 8. How do the bases bond together? Adenine and Thymine Guanine and Cytosine
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