June 8 th , 2011 1 Table of contents: Literature review The - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

American University of Beirut Spring 2010 - 2011 LDEM 630 Natural resource management Presented To: Dr Rania Al Masri Presented By: Carla Aoun Diana Mikati Hamdan Hamdan June 8 th , 2011 1

Table of contents: Literature review The Bwarej Case Study Methodology Sustainable Livelihood Approach Problem tree analysis Discussion Conclusion and Recommendations References 2

Literature review 1 1. One of the most important sectors in the country. Contributes about 7% to GDP and employs around 12% full time farmers of the active population. Main agricultural crops: Cereals, fruits, vegetables, olives, grapes, and tobacco Livestock production: mostly sheep and goat herding Variety of agricultural lands, from the interior plateau of the Bekaa Valley to the narrow valleys leading downward to the sea  farmers can grow both European and Tropical crops. (US Library of Congress, Federation of International Trade Associations, 2008; Charara, 2010) http://www.fita.org/countries/lebanon.html ،ةيعارزلا تاجتنملا 2004) ) 3

Map showing the distribution of the agricultural lands and crops in Lebanon. 4 http://images.nationmaster.com/images/motw/middle_east_and_asia/lebanon_econ_1 979.jpg

Literature review 2 Situated between Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains. 120 km in length with an average width of about 16 km. Characterized by a Mediterranean climate of wet, often snowy winters and dry, warm summers. The Northern region receives limited rainfall. The most fertile agricultural land where most of the agricultural practices take place. (40% of Lebanon's arable land) (Global Eye, 2006) 5

Literature review 3 Distribution of crop areas (hectares) by Mohafaza in 2005. (MoA, 2007) 6

Literature review 4 The valley also produces hashish and cultivates opium poppies  exported as part of the illegal drug trade. the Litany hydroelectricity project (Global Eye, 2006) 7

Literature review 5 Revived after the civil war (1975-1990) The Bekaa area houses a dozen of vineyards or wineries which produce around 6 million bottles a year and export 2 million bottles especially to France. Wine tasting has taken a touristic portrait. (Global Eye, 2006) 8

The Bwarej Case Study 1 a Lebanese village located on the Eastern side of the Knaysse Mountain, Bekaa. accessible from different areas via two main entrances: Daher Al Baydar or Chtoura. 41 km away from Beirut stretches over an area of 347 hectares (3.47 km²). (MOA, 1999) 9

Satellite picture of Bwarej from Google maps, retrieved on March 9, 2011 (Google Maps, satellite) 10

The Bwarej Case Study 2 This village is between 1,350 and 1,600 m above sea level The weather is generally cold and dry even in the summer. The village overlooks an amazing panoramic view of the Bekaa Valley from every corner. Panoramic view of the Bekaa valley, picture taken by Diana Mikati, May 15,2011 ( Al Bast, M. personal communication, May 11 1 st , 2011 )

The Bwarej Case Study 3 The Municipality counted 1,312 registered voters in 2010 elections, but The number of villagers ranges from 4,000 to 5,000 people, according to the head of municipality. Bwarej's five main families are: Jaber, El bast, Chahine, Kattan, and Jabre. The municipality of Bwarej is a part of the Kaza of Zahleh. It is an independent local administration. (2010 تامولعملل ةًيلودلا ) (Al Bast, M. 12 personal communication, May 1 st , 2011)

The Bwarej Case Study 4 After the first round of elections in 1998, the municipality was revived after being suspended for ~50 years. The municipality takes care of most of the services in the village : infrastructure, maintenance , solid waste management and Picture of the Municipality taken by Carla Aoun, May 15th, collection of fees and 2011 taxes. 13

The Bwarej Case Study 5 “The municipality is trying to control everything as much as it can, even though there is a lack of archives and accessible data to the population” - Mr. Al-Bast No records or data available in the municipality Few private companies/firms from outside the village pass by to conduct surveys ( Al Bast, M. personal communication, May 14 1 st , 2011 )

The Bwarej Case Study 6 vulnerabilities 15

Methodology 1 16

Methodology 2 17

Methodology 3 18

Sustainable livelihood approach 1 19

Sustainable livelihood approach 2 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 20 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 3 (Chahine, M. Personal communication, 21 May 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 4 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 22 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 5 . (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 23 1 st , 2011)

Pictures 1, 2 and 3 represent different water sources, taken by Carla 24 Aoun, April 1 st , 2011.

Sustainable livelihood approach 6 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 25 1 st , 2011)

26 Pictures 1,2,3&4 of old and current water canals, taken by Carla Aoun on May 15 th , 2011

These are the pipes that are opened during the drought seasons so that water flows in them and irrigates the agricultural lands. Picture of water canals taken by Carla Aoun on may 15 th , 2011 27

Sustainable livelihood approach 7 . (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 28 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 8 Column1 SRB building; cooler Bwarej water notes drinking water; 18/5/2011 spring pH 7.66 7.73 total 397 156 EPA's recommended maximum of TDS dissolved in water is 500ppm, more is bad taste solids calcium 2.03 0.93 ml of EDTA to neutralize hardness in hardness 10ml sample total hardness 3.17 1.49 ml of EDTA to neutralize hardness in 10ml sample chlorides 3.428 0.93 ml of silver nitrate to neutralize chlorides in 10ml sample conductivity 832 308 drinking water range 30 to 1500 microSiemens microSiemens microSiemens, lower is better 29 ammonia 0 0 mg/L

Sustainable livelihood approach 9 (Jaber, M. Personal communication, May 30 1 st , 2011)

31 Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1 st and May 15 th , 2011

Sustainable livelihood approach 10 Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1 st and May 15 th , 2011 (MoA, 2004) 32

Sustainable livelihood approach 11 . Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on 33 April 1 st and May 15 th , 2011

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1 st and May 15 th , 2011 34

35 Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1 st and May 15 th , 2011

Field mouse burrows Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1 st and May 15 th , 2011 36

Sustainable livelihood approach 12 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 37 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 13 Unfortunately, on the 2nd of June 2011, it was announced on TV and in newspapers, by the head of Municipality, that the village has been suffering from deficiency in electricity, as well as water availability due to theft of electrical cables for 3 consecutive days. Unknown people stole 2,200 meters of cables by cutting down six wooden electrical poles. A villager showing the broken electrical poles. Picture retrieved from assafir newspaper on June 2 nd , 38 2011.

Sustainable livelihood approach 14 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 39 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 15 Pictures 1 and 2 represent the dairy plant found in Bwarej. Pictures taken by Carla Aoun, April 2, 2011 40

Sustainable livelihood approach 16 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 41 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 17 Picture of the school’s sign, taken by Carla Aoun on April 1 st , 2011. (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 42 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 18 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 43 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 19 All the buildings clustered in 1 area of the village. Picture taken by Carla Aoun on May 15 th , 2011. (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 44 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 20 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 45 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 21 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 46 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 22 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 47 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 23 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 48 1 st , 2011)

Sustainable livelihood approach 24 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 49 1 st , 2011)

Problem tree analysis 1 dumpsite sanitary landfill sorting facility (ELARD, 2004) 50

MSW Generation project for 2004 (ELARD, 2004) (ELARD, 2004) 51

Zahlé sanitary landfill. Retrieved from: http://libanconsult.com/landfill2L.html 52

Problem tree analysis 2 (Al Bast, M. Personal communication, May 53 1 st , 2011)

Pictures taken by Diana Mikati on May 15 th , 2011 54

Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1 st and May 15 th , 2011 55

56 Pictures taken by Carla Aoun and Diana Mikati on April 1 st and May 15 th , 2011