It’s all about power: definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids Lia Strenge T alk, Workshop on Industrial and Applied Mathematics 2016 September 1, 2016
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work Outline Introduction 1 Modeling and simulation frameworks 2 Possible interfaces to applied mathematics 3 Modeling 4 Control 5 Ongoing and future work 6 , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 2/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work Outline Introduction 1 Modeling and simulation frameworks 2 Possible interfaces to applied mathematics 3 Modeling 4 Control 5 Ongoing and future work 6 , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 3/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work Solar Home Systems in Bangladesh Figure: Solar Home System (SHS) (left); SHSs in Raipura, Bangladesh (right) , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 4/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work SHS Definition An electrical energy provision system is called Solar Home System (SHS) if it satisfies the following conditions. It is composed by a photovoltaic (PV) panel, a battery storage, 1 a charge controller and domestic loads. The voltage level is 12-220 volt direct current (DC), where 12 2 volt is more common. It usually operates independently as islanded system. It can be 3 connected to other solar home systems through the swarm concept. , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 5/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work The swarm type low voltage direct current microgrid Figure: Swarm electrification. Tiers from the World Bank Multi-Tier Framework for Energy Access. Source: S. Groh and M. Koepke. A system complexity approach to swarm electrification. International Symposium for Next Generation Infrastructure, Vienna, Austria , 2014. , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 6/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work Swarm concept [Str15] Definition The swarm concept is a bottom-up electrification scheme which interconnects existing generation, storage and consumption 1 units to form an electrical power grid, typically where a cluster of stand-alone energy provision systems is installed, e.g., SHSs. This setting is called swarm type cluster; allows for plug-and-play operation, i.e., each unit can connect 2 to or disconnect from the grid; grows organically, i.e., the network topology changes [...] arise 3 spontaneously when a new household is connected. It interconnects swarm type clusters with each other or with existing true islanded power systems called microgrids, minigrids or nanogrids in practice through a point of common coupling. This setting is called swarm type microgrid; grows towards and eventually reaches the main power grid, 4 which is usually operated by a national power entity, in order to draw or feed-in power. , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 7/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work The swarm type low voltage direct current microgrid Figure: Swarm electrification. Tiers from the World Bank Multi-Tier Framework for Energy Access. Source: S. Groh and M. Koepke. A system complexity approach to swarm electrification. International Symposium for Next Generation Infrastructure, Vienna, Austria , 2014. , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 8/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work Problem statement PhD thesis (objective): How can a swarm type low voltage DC microgrid be modularly modeled, controlled and simulated in order to contribute to the technology development? → I am in the first year comparing different modeling and simulation frameworks for control and did some preliminary work in my master thesis , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 9/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work Outline Introduction 1 Modeling and simulation frameworks 2 Possible interfaces to applied mathematics 3 Modeling 4 Control 5 Ongoing and future work 6 , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 10/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work Modeling frameworks, qualitative comparison Framework → ODEs DAEs DESs HS BG pH Criteria ↓ Pre-knowledge high high medium medium low low of the author Access to gurus very high very very low low high high high Existing theory very advanc. advanc. advanc. ? ? for control high Usage in (con- very medium high increas. ? ? trol) application high Analytical han- easy ok for diffic. diffic. ? ? dling s-free Numerical han- easy index easy diffic. ? ? dling dep. Bidirectional diffic. diffic. easy easy easy? easy power flow ODE - ordinary differential equ., DAE - differential-algebraic equ., DES - discrete event sys., HS - hybrid sys., BG - bond graph, pH - port-Hamiltonian , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 11/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work Simulation frameworks Programm → Dymola Matlab/ Octave Scilab/ 20- Phython Criteria ↓ Simulink Xcos, sim Power Devs Cost [Euro] > >> free free > free 1000 2000 1000 Open Source No* No Yes Yes Not Yes any- more Platform W L,M,W L L L,W W,M,L? * language Modelica yes. (L)inux, (M)ac OS, (W)indows Other suggestions? , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 12/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work Outline Introduction 1 Modeling and simulation frameworks 2 Possible interfaces to applied mathematics 3 Modeling 4 Control 5 Ongoing and future work 6 , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 13/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work Maths and engineering research: a clash of paradigms? Assumptions (Applied, numerical) mathematics wants to advance in theory: from general to specific Practical engineering wants to build new machines and use modeling and simulation for component design and parameter selection: from specific to general Result for me Theoretical engineering with focus on control wants to apply the theory: general statements for a specific class of models Questions What are the incentives to bridge the communication gaps ? Are those gaps a result of community paradigms ? (A math PhD student has to publish in math journals and an engineering PhD student in engineering journals) , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 14/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work T ouched areas of applied mathematics control systems based on ordinary differential equations differential-algebraic equations (descriptor systems) graph theory switched systems , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 15/ 40
Introduction Modeling and simulation frameworks Interfaces to applied mathematics Modeling Control Ongoing and future work The standard feedback control loop We have r : I → R as reference/setpoint, e : I → R as control error, u : I → R as input or control, y : I → R as output, y m : I → R as measured output. Disturbances y r e u System Controller − y m Measurements Figure: Standard control loop: single-input-single-output (SISO). Source: www.texample.net/tikz/examples/control-system-principles/. , Definition, modeling and control of swarm type direct current microgrids | Lia Strenge | September 1, 2016 16/ 40
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