Issues, Trends, and Challenges EPRI Workshop – July 8, 2008 Mike Hightower Sandia National Laboratories Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000
Presentation Overview Presentation Overview • Energy–Water Connection and Interdependencies • Energy-Water Report to Congress Highlights • Energy–Water Regional Needs Workshops – Regional and national issues and challenges – Summary of science and technology needs identified • Potential impact of energy development and growth on national and regional water resources Background info @ www.sandia.gov/energy-water
Energy and Water are Energy and Water are … Interdependent … Interdependent Water for Energy Energy for Water Water for Energy Energy for Water and and Energy and Water power production, production processing, require water: distribution, • Thermoelectric and end-use cooling require energy: • Hydropower • Pumping • Energy minerals • Conveyance extraction/mining and Transport • Fuel Production • Treatment (fossil fuels, H 2 , • Use conditioning biofuels) • Surface and • Emission control Ground water
Water Withdrawal Trends by Sector Water Withdrawal Trends by Sector [USGS, 2004]
Water Consumption by Sector Water Consumption by Sector U.S. Freshwater Consumption, 100 Bgal/day Domestic Commercial 7.1% Livestock 1.2% 3.3% Thermoelectric 3.3% Mining Industrial 1.2% 3.3% Irrigation 80.6% [USGS, 1998] Energy accounts for 27 percent of non-agricultural fresh water consumption
Growing Limitations on Fresh Surface and Growing Limitations on Fresh Surface and Ground Water Availability Ground Water Availability • Little increase in surface water storage capacity since 1980 • Concerns over climate impacts on surface water supplies ( Based on USGS WSP-2250 1984 and Alley 2007) • Many major ground water aquifers seeing reductions in water quality and yield (Shannon 2007)
Growing Use of Non-traditional Growing Use of Non-traditional Water Resources Water Resources Power Requirements For Treating 10 Today The Future 9 8 7 Kwh/m^3 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Conventional Brackish Brackish Sea Water 1 2 3 4 5 Treatment NF RO RO (Einfeld 2007) (From EPA 2004, Water Reuse 2007, Mickley 2003) Desal growing at 10% per year, waste water reuse at 15% per year • Reuse not accounted for in USGS assessments • Non-traditional water use is energy intensive •
Most State Water Managers Expect Shortages Most State Water Managers Expect Shortages Over The Next Decade Under Average Over The Next Decade Under Average Conditions Conditions g WA ME MT ND AK MN MI OR VTNH ID WI SD NY MA MI RI CT WY IA PA NJ NE NV OH MD DE IN UT IL WV CO CA VA KS MO KY NC HI TN OK shortage AZ AR NM SC HI Statewide HI AL GA MS HI Regional TX LA Local HI AK FL None No response or uncertain Source: GAO 2003
Water challenges are nationwide Water challenges are nationwide 30% 15% 10% 10% 30% 5% 50% 20% 15% 40% Projected % 20% 30% Population Growth 35% (2000-2020) Source: Campbell (2000) EPRI 2003
2003 Heat Wave Impact on French 2003 Heat Wave Impact on French Electric Power Generation Electric Power Generation • Loss of 7 to 15% of Bort-les-Orgues nuclear generation Réservoir capacity for 5 weeks • Loss of 20% of hydro generation capacity • Large-scale load shedding and shut off transmission to Italy • Sharp increase of spot- market prices: 1000 to Normal conditions 1500 $ / MWh for most August 27, 2003 in August critical days
Emerging Interest in Energy and Water Emerging Interest in Energy and Water Issues and Challenges Issues and Challenges State and national water and energy • groups – 24 invited presentations in FY07 and 08 on energy and water challenges – Research and regulatory groups considering future energy and water needs Increased media interest • – NATURE, ECONOMIST – Technical magazines NSF/NRC interest in energy debate • and interdependencies research Growing international concerns and • challenges – Europe, Australia, Asia, Canada
Cumberland River Basin Integrated Cumberland River Basin Integrated Resources Planning Pilot Results Resources Planning Pilot Results • Integrated short-term (daily) planning (TVA, SEPA, Corps) • Interested in long-term ) " " ) ) " planning, but missions and " ) " ) ) " " ) 0 # # ) " ) " 0 " ) " ) " ) ) " " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) ) " ) " ) " ) ) ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " " " ) " ) " ) " activities are distinct " ) " ) " ) ) " ) " ) ) " " " ) ) " ) " )" ) ) " " ) " ) " ) " ) " ) " " ) " ) ) " " ) " ) " ) ) " " ) ) " ) " – Authority or incentives not aligned ) " with energy-water efficiency • Growing need for both water and power – Dam (rehabilitation and improvements) and drought impacts are major challenges to future water-energy planning • Need better operational and planning tools
Energy-Water Regional Energy-Water Regional Needs Workshops Needs Workshops Roadmap Regional Needs Workshops • Congressionally funded and coordinated with DOE • Coordinated by Sandia with support from all the national laboratories • Needs driven research directions and solutions focus
Energy Water Roadmap Overview Energy Water Roadmap Overview • Three regional needs assessment workshops: Nov 2005 through mid-January 2006 – Kansas City, Baltimore, Salt Lake City – Almost 350 participants from 40 states involved – Focus on emerging user and stakeholder problems and challenges and science and technology role in effective solutions – captured high-level issues, needs, and directions • Broad spectrum of regional, state, and local participation and input – Representatives from energy companies, electric utilities, water utilities, water managers, economic development groups, energy regulators, environmental groups, tribal nations, other water-use sectors • Gaps and Technical Innovations Workshops to capture science and technology research and development priorities – Almost 150 researchers and technology developers involved
Summary of Major National Needs Summary of Major National Needs and Issues Identified in Regional Workshops and Issues Identified in Regional Better resources planning and management Integrated regional energy and water resource planning and decision • support tools Infrastructure and regulatory and policy changes for improved • energy/water efficiency Improved water supply and demand characterization, monitoring, and • modeling Improved water and energy use efficiency Improved water efficiency in thermoelectric power generation • Improved biofuels/biomass water use efficiency • Reduced water intensity for emerging energy resources • Development of alternative water resources and supplies Oil and gas produced water treatment for use • Energy efficiency and assessment of impaired water treatment and use • www.sandia.gov/energy-water
Research and Development Program Research and Development Program for Integrated Resources Management for Integrated Resources Management – Accelerate water resources forecasting and management – Evaluate impacts of climate variability and improve hydrological forecasting – Improve common decision support tools – Develop system analysis approaches for: Co-location of energy and water facilities, improved national transmission capabilities to support renewables, distributed generation of biofuels
Projected New Electric Power Projected New Electric Power Generation Capacity through 2035 Generation Capacity through 2035 • Coal – 350, 400 MW steam turbine plants (140,000 MW) • Natural Gas – 150, 100 MW natural gas combined cycle (15,000 MW) • Renewables – 125, 200 MW wind or solar farms (25,000 MW) • Nuclear – 5, 1000 MW nuclear reactors (5,000 MW) • Hydroelectric – None (~40,000-60,000 MW available)
Water Use and Consumption for Water Use and Consumption for Electric Power Generation Electric Power Generation Water Use Intensity (gal/MWh e ) Cooling Plant-type Steam Condensing Other Uses Process Withdrawal Consumption Consumption Open-loop 20,000–50,000 ~200-300 Fossil/ biomass steam turbine ~30 Closed-loop 300–600 300–480 Open-loop 25,000–60,000 ~400 Nuclear ~30 steam turbine Closed-loop 500–1,100 400–720 Open-loop 7,500–20,000 100 Natural Gas Combined- 7–10 Cycle Closed-loop 230 180 Integrated Gasification Closed-loop 200 180 150 Combined-Cycle Carbon sequestration for ~25% increase in water withdrawal and consumption fossil energy generation Geothermal Steam Closed-loop 2000 1350 50 Concentrating Solar Closed-loop 750 740 10 Wind and N/A 0 0 1-2 Solar Photovoltaic
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