13.12.2011 Mobility in the European Higher Education Area Trends and Challenges Laura E. Rumbley Deputy Director Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Achievements, Challenges, Future Actions: Agenda 2020 Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 Agenda • A word about ACA • Mobility in Europe 1. Scope – a quantitative perspective 2. Policy – what we say we want 3. Practice – much accomplished, much to do • Challenges and considerations for the future Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 A word about ACA • Membership organisation 21 full members national-level agencies supporting internationalisation 3 associate members Publications ( reports and studies ) • ‘Think tank’ Tailored consultancy ( AIM: ACA Internationalisation Monitor) Monthly newsletter ( ACA Newsletter – Education Europe ) European Policy Seminar series ( 4/year ) Annual conference ( Helsinki, June 2012 ) • Secretariat Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 1
13.12.2011 Mobility in Europe – scope (1) ACA study (2011): Mapping Mobility in European Higher Education http://ec.europa.eu/education/erasmus/doc922_en.htm 3 Goals 1. Map mobility into and out of “Europe 32” countries using existing data/information • focus mostly (but not exclusively) on students • “Europe 32” = EU 27 + EFTA 4 + Turkey • data source = UOE (UNESCO, OECD, and EUROSTAT) • 1998/99 – 2006/07 2. Analyse mobility trends (in Europe 32 generally + more in-depth in 11 selected countries) AND assess data quality itself 3. Make recommendations for the future Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 Mobility in Europe – scope (2) ACA study (2011): Mapping Mobility in European Higher Education General considerations: student “mobilities” • Type: degree versus credit (non-degree, temporary, exchange) • Direction: inbound versus outbound • “Nature”: vertical versus horizontal • Level: ISCED 5A, 5B (Bachelor, Master), ISCED 6 • Measurement method: yearly basis (census-type statistics) versus “event” of mobility in the course of study (surveys) • Mechanism: structured programmes versus “free movers” (self-organised and self-funded) Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 Mobility in Europe – scope (3) ACA study (2011): Mapping Mobility in European Higher Education Selected findings: incoming international students • 50.9% of world’s mobile students in 2006/07 were in Europe 32 countries • From 1998/99 to 2006/07, Europe 32 group slightly increased the percentage of the world’s mobile students it hosts • From 1998/99 to 2006/07, Europe 32 group grew its international student population by well over 50% (may be closer to 80%); non-Europe 32 students fuelled much of this growth • Foreign nationals as a proportion of total enrolment in Europe 32 countries grew from 4.5% to 6.9% • Almost 2/3 of all international students in the Europe 32 countries were enrolled in just 3 countries: UK, Germany and France Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 2
13.12.2011 Mobility in Europe – scope (4) ACA study (2011): Mapping Mobility in European Higher Education Selected findings: outgoing study abroad students • Study abroad among Europe 32 students has grown by 37.1% (robust but less dynamic than the growth seen in incoming students from outside the Europe 32) • Europe 32 students tend to stay within Europe for international study experience (85.5%) • On average, for every 1,000 nationals enrolled in a Europe 32 country, 33 nationals of this country are enrolled abroad. BUT, again, there are MAJOR difference between countries. Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 Mobility in Moldova – scope UNESCO Institute of Statistics (2011) Outbound (2009) Inbound (2009) Total 12,277 Total 1,461 80% go to just 5 countries: 80% come from just 5 countries: • Russian Federation (3,564) • Israel (300) • Romania (3,389) • Russian Federation (295) • Ukraine (1,297) • Ukraine (279) • Italy (951) • Turkey (149) • France (884) • Romania (141) 6% study outside of Europe 35% come from outside Europe Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 Mobility in Europe – scope (5) ACA study (2011): Mapping Mobility in European Higher Education Recommendations: data availability and quality 1. “…a complete transition to the collection of data on mobility , in addition to data on nationality” 2. A separation by UOE of data by cycle (bachelor’s / master’s) 3. A commitment to defining genuine mobility as a function of “education/residence prior to the current stage of education” 4. An introduction of separate and consistent reporting of credit and diploma mobility 5. An introduction of a mechanism to track the event of mobility in the course of study Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 3
13.12.2011 Mobility in Europe – policy (1) MOBILITY = GOOD… MORE MOBILITY = GREAT EU EHEA Council conclusion (November 2011): Mobility Strategy 2020 draft (August 2011) Benchmark for learning mobility: Mobility target from 2009 By 2020, an EU average of 20% of higher (Leuven/Louvain-la Neuve) affirmed: education graduates should have had a By 2020 at least 20% of graduates in the period of higher education-related study or EHEA have undertaken a study or training training (including work placements) abroad; period abroad, with the achievement of at minimum 15 ECTS or 3 months. least 1 ECTS credit • Language competences to enhance • Final document to be ready for Ministerial mobility adoption in Bucharest, April 2012 • Eastern dimension of youth participation and mobility Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 Mobility in Europe – policy (2) ACA study (2012): European and National Policies and Practices on Mobility (ENPMOB) Selected findings 1. Few countries have a fully-fledged mobility policy or strategy in place 2. Generally, less ‘enthusiasm’ in the national mobility discourse than is seen at the European level, but sometimes more ambitious targets 3. Top priorities = outgoing credit mobility + incoming degree mobility 4. Quantitative targets often need further specification Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 Mobility in Europe – policy (3) ACA study (2012): European and National Policies and Practices on Mobility (ENPMOB) Selected findings (continued…) 5. At times, gaps between discourse, objectives and actual measures 6. “Unintended consequences” of mobility? 7. Unclear link between “good policies” and more mobility 8. Convergence Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 4
13.12.2011 Mobility in Europe – practice (1) ACA study (2011): Mapping Mobility in European Higher Education Obstacles Incentives 1. Lack of information 2. Low/no personal interest or motivation 3. Inadequate financial support 4. Foreign language deficiencies 5. Sense of insufficient time/space in the course of study 6. Quality concerns 7. Legal barriers 8. Problems gaining recognition Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 Mobility in Europe – practice (1) ACA study (2011): Mapping Mobility in European Higher Education Obstacles Incentives 1. Lack of information 1. Personal 2. Low/no personal interest or motivation 2. Curricular 3. Inadequate financial support 3. Financial 4. Foreign language deficiencies 5. Sense of insufficient time/space in the course of study 6. Quality concerns 7. Legal barriers 8. Problems gaining recognition Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 Mobility in Europe – practice/policy (2) ACA study (2011): Mapping Mobility in European Higher Education Incentives – hints from the literature 1. Financial incentives • Portability of loans and grants • Funding instruments specifically to support mobility • An EHEA-wide mobility fund, or at least better synchronisation of existing instruments • “Providing financial support, making the support intelligible and adequate and getting the word out to students about the ‘feasibility’ of the bottom line” Laura E. Rumbley Implementation of the EHEA in the Republic of Moldova Chisinau ~ 2 December 2011 5
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