20/05/2013 National Forest Inventory Training 20 – 23 May 2013, Sandakan SABAH Sampling for Carbon, Soil, Deadwood and Litter Introduction and Presentation Outline 1. UNFCC, IPCC – Emission Factors Tiers & Approaches 2. Carbon Pools 3. Malaysia NFI and Carbon Pools 4. Standards and Protocols 5. Measuring The 5 Carbon Pools – Above Ground Biomass (Tree and non ‐ tree) – Below Ground Biomass – Down deadwood (Standing and lying) – Litter – Soils 6. Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) 7. Carbon Calculations 1
20/05/2013 UNFCCC Principles • Transparency • Consistency • Comparability • Completeness • Accuracy • (Conservative) From: GOFC-GOLD 2009 A Reference Level Under the UNFCCC, reference levels (RLs) are tools to demonstrate GHG emission reductions. Reference Level tCO2e Emissions (Business as Usual without Project) Performance Emission Reduction Emissions with REDD+ Project (Monitored Emissions) Historical Emissions Start REDD+ Activities (Actual Emissions) Years ‐ 10 ‐ 5 Today 5 10 2
20/05/2013 A Reference Level: Technical Inputs Emission Factor Net Emissions Activity Data X Emissions per hectare = from Change Unit of change of change (tCO 2 e) Activity Data: Emission/Removal Factors: Net Emissions: 1,000ha x 495 tCO 2 /ha = 495,000 tCO 2 Forest to non ‐ forest: Net Emissions: 1000 ha 495 tCO 2 /ha Guidance and Frameworks from IPCC IPCC provides a framework of the fundamental steps for estimating carbon emissions and removals from changes in forest lands. ◦ 2003 IPCC Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land ‐ Use Change and Forestry ◦ 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Vol. 4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use ◦ Presents default (Tier 1) data 6 3
20/05/2013 Emission Factors Emission factors: Emissions/removals of greenhouse gases per unit of activity data – Measured in tCO2e/unit ∆ C = Pre ‐ deforestation C stock – Post ‐ deforestation C stock Emission Factors Collected Through Field Emission/Removal Factors: How Inventories: much carbon was Time ‐ tested, proven tools emitted/removed for field inventory of forest Forest - carbon exist. 500 t CO 2 e/ha Cropland 5 t CO 2 e/ha Emission Factor = 495 tCO2/ha 4
20/05/2013 Emission factors (for deforestation) • Create emission factor for all land use transitions • Simplified example: Immediate emissions resulting from land use conversion: From: To Cropland Forest Shrub Savanna Grassland t CO 2 ‐ e/ha Cropland 885 83 67 15 Forest Shrub 764 Savanna 807 43 Grassland 828 65 22 Taken from: Harris, NL, S. Grimland and S. Brown. 2009. GHG emission factors for different land ‐ use transitions in selected countries/regions of the World. Report submitted to EPA. IPCC Tiers and Emission Factors IPCC framework refers to three Tiers for calculating Emission Factors Tiers for Emission Factors: change in C stocks 1. IPCC default values at a continental scale ‐ high uncertainty 2. Country specific data for key factors—medium to low uncertainty 3. National inventory of key carbon stocks, repeated measurements or modeling—medium to low uncertainty 5
20/05/2013 IPCC and Emission Estimation Approaches 1. Stock ‐ Change 2. Gain ‐ Loss – Difference in C Stocks in a – Net balance of additions to particular pool over time & removals to a carbon pool • Uses • Uses – Deforestation – Forest degradation – A/R – Enhancement of carbon stocks Section 2: Carbon Pools How Many Carbon Pools Are Here? 6
20/05/2013 Carbon Pools Wood products 3. Dead Organic Matter ‐ 1a. Biomass: Above Ground ‐ Deadwood Live Tree 1b. Biomass: Above Ground ‐ Live Non ‐ tree Standing 4. Dead Organic deadwood Matter ‐ Litter Lying deadwood 5. Soils ‐ Soil and 2. Belowground Live Peat Organic Biomass matter Carbon Pools • Carbon storage: – 70% in aboveground live trees – 20% in belowground live tree roots – 5% in coarse woody debris – 3% in forest floor – 2% in non ‐ tree aboveground live vegetation 7
20/05/2013 Carbon Pools Which Pools/Gases to Include? The Durban SBSTA text: • Parties should give reasons for omitting a pool or gas from forest RL/RELs • Significant pools and gases should not be excluded. • Recommended that countries determine which pools are significant, i.e., is a given pool <5% of total or <10% of the total? • When a given pool represents a very small proportion of the total, justification can be provided for excluding. • Where appropriate, conservative defaults could be considered. Carbon Pools Include Pool or Gas? If key category analysis No If there is no change in this indicates that this pool/gas No is insignificant pool or gas between business as usual and REDD+ activity If cost to measure exceeds No expected net emissions If there is already a precedent No to exclude a pool or gas for a given activity (e.g., under NOTE: All pools included in REL/RL CDM) must be included in MRV plan INCLUDE 8
20/05/2013 Carbon Pools Biomass Dead Organic Matter Soil organic matter Above Below Dead wood Litter Ground Ground Deforestation To cropland Y Y Optional Optional Y To pasture Y Y Optional Optional N To shifting Y Y Optional Optional N cultivation Degradation Degradation Y Optional Y N N Carbon Stock Enhancement Shifting cultivation Y Y Optional Optional N to forest Degraded forest to Y Y Optional Optional N forest Carbon Pools • Soils will represent a key category in peat swamp forests and mangrove forests – Soil carbon does not have to be measured if land use to which it is converted does not cause it to decrease (e.g. forests to grasslands, selective logging) • Dead wood is a key category in old growth forests 9
20/05/2013 Section 3: NFI and REDD+? An NFI, a REDD+ program and Carbon? 1. NFI & REDD+ 2. Stratification 3. Existing data NFI and REDD+? Malaysia NFI Objectives: • To determine the status of forest area according to forest stratum; • To determine the standing volume according to forest stratum; • To determine the gross volume according to diameter class and species group; and • To provide information on state level for the purpose of medium ‐ term forest management planning (Source: Aman, S. and Parlan, I. Forest Inventory Towards SFM in Malaysia) 10
20/05/2013 NFI and REDD+ ? • Advantages – Potentially allows a landscape approach with all emissions / sequestration captured; – Secondary functions. E.g inventory of timber, biodiversity assessments. • Disadvantages – Time ‐ consuming and expensive to implement compared to focusing directly on activities; – NFI may have inventory plots in a given forest class that are too few to give high precision; – High initial costs, and high annual costs to re ‐ measure and maintain every 5 years. NFI and REDD+ ? Deforestation Degradation 11
20/05/2013 NFI and REDD+? Stratify Forests Assess Existing Data Assess Existing Data Carbon Stock Field Sampling: Design, Implement, and Analyze Data Calculate Emission Factors http://www.leafasia.org/library/guid elines ‐ stratification ‐ redd ‐ using ‐ national ‐ inventory NFI and REDD+?: Stratification • Stratification refers to the division of heterogeneous unites into distinct Stratify Forests homogeneous groups Assess Existing Assess Existing • Goal: Data Data – Reduce within stratum variance/improve Carbon Stock Field precision of each stratum Sampling: Design, – Minimize number of samples required to Implement, & AD achieve certain error level • Stratification based on: Calculate Emission Factors 1. Ecological factors 2. Anthropogenic factors 12
20/05/2013 NFI and REDD+?: Stratification Anthropogenic factors By threat of deforestation: Stratify Forests • Use historical evidence to identify critical Assess Existing Assess Existing factors of deforestation Data Data • Identify areas with high suitability of Carbon Stock Field human disturbance or changes in Sampling: Design, management practice Implement, & AD • Create potential for deforestation map Calculate By accessibility: Emission Factors • Define accessibility criteria (e.g. 5 km accessibility to main roads) • Use spatial analysis to model accessibility NFI and REDD+?: Existing Data Stratify Forests Assess Existing Data Assess Existing Data Carbon Stock Field Sampling: Design, Implement, and Analyze Data Calculate Emission Factors 13
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