Slide 1 / 192 Slide 2 / 192 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative BIOLOGY This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be Ecology used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course March 2014 materials to parents, students and others. www.njctl.org Click to go to website: www.njctl.org Slide 3 / 192 Slide 4 / 192 Vocabulary Vocabulary Click on each word below to go to the definition. Click on each word below to go to the definition. abiotic competition habitat pioneer species autotroph conservation herbivore precipitation consumer predation biodiversity heterotroph decomposer producer biome invasive species detritivore renewable resource bioplastic limiting nutrient biosphere ecological succession logistic growth runoff ecology symbiosis biotic monoculture carnivore ecosystem mutualism transpiration carrying capacity evaporation niche exponential growth climate nitrogen fixation climax community food chain nonrenewable resource commensalism food web omnivore community greenhouse effect parasitism Slide 5 / 192 Slide 6 / 192 Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section Intro to Ecology Intro to Ecology · Population Ecology · Community Ecology · Nutrient Cycles · Conservation Biology · Return to Table of Contents
Slide 7 / 192 Slide 8 / 192 Ecology Ecology Acacia ants have a unique relationship with the Ecology is the study of the interactions between organisms Acacia tree in which they live. and their environment. This squirrelfish is being cleaned by a Click the picture to cleaner wrasse. Cleaner wrasse are small watch a video about fish that eat parasites and debris off of larger Acacia ants. fish. An ecologist would see this and think: Does this harm or benefit the squirrelfish? · Think like an ecologist. Does this behavior lead to higher survival for the cleaner wrasse? · What questions do you have about this behavior? Do cleaner wrasse compete for host fish? · How does this behavior affect predation of the cleaner wrasse? · Slide 9 / 192 Slide 10 / 192 Levels of Biological Organization Levels of Biological Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organism Population Community Organism So far, you have studied how cells, tissues and organs interact to create an organism. Ecology studies how organisms interact with other organisms and variables in their environments. Biosphere Ecosystem Biome Slide 11 / 192 Slide 12 / 192 Population Community A population is a group of individuals that live in the same A community is composed of all the different populations of area, can interbreed, and share the same gene pool. species that live in a given area. Evolution occurs at a population level. Individual Organisms within a community interact organisms cannot evolve. with each other ways that can be both Formation of new species beneficial and harmful. happens as individuals within a population undergo changes Competition for resources between in genotype and phenotype. members of a community is one factor that shapes evolution by natural selection.
Slide 13 / 192 Slide 14 / 192 Biomes Ecosystem A biome is a group of ecosystems that have similar climates, An ecosystem includes all of the living and nonliving factors that animals and plants. exist in a community. There are both terrestrial and marine biomes. Coral reefs exist in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. However, all reefs are found in shallow, nutrient-rich waters and are inhabited by similar organisms. Slide 15 / 192 Slide 16 / 192 Marine Biomes Terrestrial Biomes Temperate Temperate Desert Rainforest Grasslands Marine Forest Freshwater Freshwater Wetlands Alpine Taiga Savannah Tundra Chaparral Coral Reefs Estuaries Slide 17 / 192 Slide 18 / 192 Levels of Biological Organization Biosphere The biosphere is the portion of Earth in which all life exists. a group of organisms that belong to the This includes the land, water, and air. same species and live in the same area. all of the organisms that live in a given area and their physical environment. different populations that live in the same area. the portion of Earth that contains all ecosystems. a group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar communities. Community Biome Biosphere Population Ecosystem
Slide 19 / 192 Slide 19 (Answer) / 192 1 Which of the following levels of biological 1 Which of the following levels of biological organization includes all of the others? organization includes all of the others? A Community A Community Answer Answer B Ecosystem B Ecosystem B C Organism C Organism D Population D Population [This object is a pull tab] Slide 20 / 192 Slide 21 / 192 Population Ecology Population ecology studies the interactions between a population and its environment. Population Ecology The water-holding frog of Australia burrows into the ground during the dry Factors · season. It surrounds itself with a water- tight mucus secretion that acts as a Habitats & Niches · cocoon. When it rains, the frog emerges to lay eggs. The eggs hatch and the Population Growth · tadpoles develop quickly before the puddle disappears. Click on the topic to go to that section What types of factors affect the water-holding frog? Return to Table of Contents Slide 22 / 192 Slide 23 / 192 Factors Factors Populations are affected negatively and positively by a variety Abiotic factors are physical, nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem. of factors in their environment. The saguaro cactus are desert plants with adaptations · Sunlight that enable it to live in dry conditions. They have one · Precipitation large taproot that extends into the ground with small, · Temperature shallow roots that quickly absorb any water that falls. · Wind Temperature Wind · Soil type Spines help to channel water, redirect the wind, protect · Nutrient availability the cactus from animals, and insulate the cactus. Some animals, such as pack rats, eat the cactus. Other Nutrients animals, such as bats, eat the fruit of the cactus, aiding in pollination and dispersal of seeds. Soil Name one positive factor and one negative factor that affects the saguaro.
Slide 24 / 192 Slide 25 / 192 Factors Factors Let's revisit the saguaro cactus... · Plants The saguaro cactus are desert plants with have Biotic factors are the living things that · Animals adaptations that enable it to live in dry conditions. They make up an ecosystem. · Fungi have one large taproot that extends into the ground · Bacteria with small, shallow roots that quickly absorb any water that falls. Spines help to channel water, redirect the wind, protect the cactus from animals, and insulate the cactus. Some animals, such as pack rats, eat the cactus. Other animals, such as bats, eat the fruit of the cactus, aiding in pollination and dispersal of seeds. List two abiotic and two biotic factors that affect the saguaro cactus. Slide 26 / 192 Slide 26 (Answer) / 192 2 All of the following are abiotic factors except: 2 All of the following are abiotic factors except: A microorganisms A microorganisms B pH B pH Answer Answer A C temperature C temperature D nutrients D nutrients [This object is a pull tab] Slide 27 / 192 Slide 27 (Answer) / 192 3 Which of the following levels of biological organization 3 Which of the following levels of biological organization includes both abiotic and biotic factors? includes both abiotic and biotic factors? A Species A Species B Population B Population Answer Answer D C Community C Community D Ecosystem D Ecosystem [This object is a pull tab]
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