Interpretation of Ground-Based Magnetometer Measurements During - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Interpretation of Ground-Based Magnetometer Measurements During Enhanced Auroral Activity Nathaniel Berliner Hugh A. Gallagher Jr. SUNY College at Oneonta

Overview In the current project: A systematic analysis of the response of the ground-based magnetic field to changes in the parameters of various two current systems was conducted. For several periods of enhanced auroral activity, the model parameters that provide the best representation of the observations were determined by inspection Through the application of Ampere’s Law, the model current is used to calculate the distribution of current at approximately 110 km altitude (the altitude at which current flows in the ionosphere). This current distribution is interpreted in the context of UV images from NASA’s Polar satellite

The Terrestial Magnetosphere A continuous radial flow of plasma known as the soar wind emanates from the Sun. The interaction of the solar wind with the terrestrial magnetic field results in the formation of the magnetosphere (shown above). The Earth resides deep within this protective cavity, which is compressed on the dayside and has an elongated tail on the nightside. In general, the flow of energy proceeds from the solar wind through the magnetospheric boundary to lower altitudes with much of this energy being deposited into the high-latitude ionosphere located approximately 100 km above the Earth.

Currents in the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere Associated with this transfer of energy are electric currents which flow within the magnetosphere (e.g., the tail and ring currents) and along the converging terrestrial magnetic field lines (field- aligned or Birkeland currents). The field- aligned currents close within the high- latitude ionosphere thus coupling the vast regions of the distant magnetosphere to the upper-atmosphere.

Schematic of Model Line Current B I r We consider the magnetic perturbation produced at the surface of the Earth by a model infinite line current of strength, I, located at an altitude, a, and latitude, λ 0 . The line current is R parallel to longitude and is closest to R+a the Earth at the meridian where we wish to evaluate the magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic field λ produced by the line current is given λ 0 by: B = µ 0 I / (2 π r) where r = ( R 2 + (R+a) 2 – 2 R (R+a) cos( λ - λ 0 ) ) 1/2

Magnetic Field Components in Local Coordinate System B X (N) I α The direction of the magnetic field produced by the line current is such that it α encircles the current. We determine the components of the magnetic field, B, in the local coordinate system (e.g., x is positive to the North, y is positive to the East, and z Z (D) is in the downward direction). α = ( π /180) * sin -1 ( ((R+a)/r) sin( λ - λ 0 ) ) + 90 B x = B sin( α ) B z = - B cos( α )

Deriving Ionospheric Current from Model Current I m At 110 km altitude: K = K y j r r ∫ • = µ B d l I 0 enclosed K i r r ∫ • = µ B d l K l 0 y 2 B K = x µ y 0 The line currents that provide the best representation of the data may be at altitudes significantly above the region where the current flow is a maximum (~110 km). To determine the actual current distribution: 1) The magnetic field produced by the model current system at 110 km is calculated. 2) Using Ampere’s Law and the magnetic field determined in part 1, the current density may be determined.

Single Line Current Model: Dependence of B x and B z Profiles on Altitude Bx vs Latitude 2.5E-06 2.0E-06 500 km B x ( te sla s) 400 km 1.5E-06 The latitude profiles of the x and z 300 km 1.0E-06 components of the magnetic field 200 km 100 km produced by a single line current 5.0E-07 are shown for various altitudes. 0.0E+00 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 The signatures clearly broaden Latitude (degrees) with increasing altitude. Thus the altitude of the model current may Bz vs Latitude be adjusted to represent different scale lengths of structures 1.5E-06 observed in the magnetic latitude 1.0E-06 100 km profiles. 5.0E-07 B z ( te sla s) 200 km 0.0E+00 300 km 400 km -5.0E-07 500 km -1.0E-06 -1.5E-06 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 Latitude (degrees)

B x and B z Profiles for Two Parallel Line Currents of Varying Relative Strength Bx vs Latitude 8.0E-07 7.0E-07 For a system of two currents, we 6.0E-07 1, 1.00 B x (teslas) investigate the effects of varying the 5.0E-07 1, 0.75 4.0E-07 relative strength between the currents 1, 0.50 3.0E-07 while holding the other parameters 1, 0.25 2.0E-07 1.0E-07 constant. Each current flows eastward 0.0E+00 at an altitude of 500 kilometers. One 60.0 62.0 64.0 66.0 68.0 70.0 72.0 74.0 76.0 78.0 80.0 current occurs at a latitude of 69 Latitude (degrees) degrees, the other occurs at 71 degrees. The strength of both currents is Bz vs Latitude measured in MegaAmps and indicated 5.0E-07 in the legend. The equatorward current 4.0E-07 3.0E-07 is held constant while the strength of 1, 1.00 2.0E-07 B z ( te sla s) 1, 0.75 1.0E-07 the poleward current is systematically 1, 0.50 0.0E+00 decreased. -1.0E-07 1, 0.25 -2.0E-07 -3.0E-07 -4.0E-07 -5.0E-07 60.0 62.0 64.0 66.0 68.0 70.0 72.0 74.0 76.0 78.0 80.0 Latitude (degrees)

B x and B z Profiles for Two Oppositely Directed Line Currents of Varying Relative Strength Bx vs Latitude 4.0E-07 3.0E-07 For a system of two currents, we 2.0E-07 1, 1.00 B x (teslas) investigate the effects of varying the 1, 0.75 1.0E-07 relative strength between the currents 1, 0.50 0.0E+00 1, 0.25 while holding the other parameters -1.0E-07 constant. Each current is located at an -2.0E-07 altitude of 500 kilometers. One current 60.0 62.0 64.0 66.0 68.0 70.0 72.0 74.0 76.0 78.0 80.0 Latitude (degrees) occurs at a latitude of 69 degrees and is directed eastward, the other occurs at 71 degrees and is directed westward. Bz vs Latitude The strength of both currents is 2.0E-07 measured in MegaAmps and indicated 1.5E-07 1.0E-07 in the legend. The equatorward current 1, 1.00 B z ( te sla s) 5.0E-08 is held constant while the strength of 1, 0.75 0.0E+00 1, 0.50 the poleward current is systematically -5.0E-08 1, 0.25 -1.0E-07 decreased. -1.5E-07 -2.0E-07 60.0 62.0 64.0 66.0 68.0 70.0 72.0 74.0 76.0 78.0 80.0 Latitude (degrees)

IMAGE Magnetic Observatories Location of magnetic observatories comprising the IMAGE magnetometer network. Each station provides continuous measurements of the three components of the magnetic field at the surface of the Earth. We will use data obtained from stations that run approximately along a line from NAL to NUR. We would like to acknowledge the institutions participating in IMAGE for making this data available (http://www.geo.fmi.fi:80/image).

Magnetic Field Observations: 17 January 1997 Magnetograms for 17 January 1997 12 to 24 UT. The North (left), East (middle), and Down (right) components of the magnetic field are shown as a function of time for 11 stations running from NAL at the northern extreme (top) to NUR at the southern extreme.

sum of bx 2 currents 60 40 20 0 60.0 62.0 64.0 66.0 68.0 70.0 72.0 74.0 76.0 78.0 80.0 -20 B x -40 -60 -80 -100 A comparison of our model to ground-based -120 magnetometer data -140 recorded on January -160 17 th , 1997. Red points bz are data points and 100 the blue line is the model’s prediction. 80 60 B z 40 20 0 60.0 62.0 64.0 66.0 68.0 70.0 72.0 74.0 76.0 78.0 80.0 -20 -40 -60 -80

Comparison of Simultaneous Observations of Ground- Based Magnetic Perturbation and Auroral Emissions 17 January 1997 ~22:02 UT sum of bx 2 currents 60 40 20 0 60.0 62.0 64.0 66.0 68.0 70.0 72.0 74.0 76.0 78.0 80.0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 -120 -140 -160

Summary Ground-based magnetic field measurements from the Scandinavian Peninsula are interpreted in terms of a simple model of horizontal ionospheric currents. Magnetic field signatures are compared to satellite observations of auroral emissions. Future Work • Magnetic field and auroral emissions will be examined for several additional cases. • Comparison of magnetic and auroral signatures in time will be used to infer a relationship between auroral enhancements and excited current systems. • The current distribution at ionospheric altitude will be determined from the model current and compared to auroral emissions.