Interplay of Diet, the Gastrointestinal Microbiome, and Health and - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Interplay of Diet, the Gastrointestinal Microbiome, and Health and Disease Hannah D. Holscher, PhD, RD Assistant Professor Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Division of Nutritional Sciences University of Illinois

Research Goal Enhance human health through dietary modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome

Microbiome Microbiome - a collection of microbial genomes Microbiota – a collection of microbes ¨ As many bacteria as host cells in human body Disease ¨ 150x more bacterial genes than Health our human genome 3

Microbiota

Microbiota Functions ¨ Protective functions ¨ Structural functions ¨ Metabolic functions ¤ Fermenting dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids ¤ Synthesizing vitamins: biotin, riboflavin, pantothenate, ascorbate, thiamine, folate, and vitamin K Grenham S, Front Physiol, 2011

Microbiome Composition: GI Diseases Qin J, Nature, 2010

Microbiome Composition: Atherosclerosis ¨ Microbiome explained ~5% variation of BMI, TG, and HDL 1 ¨ Atherosclerosis is Healthy Control associated with increased Collinsella. ¨ Healthy control was associated with Roseburia Symptomatic Atherosclerosis and Eubacterium 2 7 1. Fu et al., Circulation Research 2015; 2. Karlsson FH et al., Nature Communications 2012

Systemic influence of the microbiota Cognition & Brain Development Cancer Intestinal Disease Allergies NAFLD Obesity & Insulin Resistance Bone Health Malnutrition 8 Goldszmid RS & Trinchieri G (2012) Nat. Immunol.

What about diet?

Gastrointestinal Microbiome Carnivore Omnivore Herbivore Muegge, Science ,2011

Habitual diet impacts the microbiota Wu et al., 2011; Science

Diet can rapidly impact microbiota Plant Based Diet Animal Based Diet A A . Fiber: ¤ 25 g per 1000 kcal ¤ 0 g per 1000 kcal B. Fat: B ¤ 20 % kcal ¤ 70% kcal C C. Protein: ¤ 10% ¤ 30% 12 David et al. Nature 2014

Diet can rapidly impact microbiota Plant Based Diet Animal Based Diet 13 David et al. Nature 2014

Plants & Dietary Fiber Fiber: carbohydrate polymers that resistant digestion in the small intestine with complete or partial fermentation in the colon ¨ Different types of fibers in different types of plants ¨ Supplemental fibers in a range of foods ¨ Different botanical origins and chemical structure ¤ Cellulose ¤ B-glucans ¤ Inulin ¤ Polydextrose ¤ Soluble Corn Fiber

Microbes ferment dietary fibers 15 Linus Pauling Institute, OSU

Diet & GI Microbiota

PDX & SCF: Design ¨ Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial with three 21-day treatment periods ¨ Healthy adult men (n = 21) NFC (0 g/d) SCF PDX (21 g/d) (21 g/d) ¨ Daily food and GI tolerance records ¨ 3 fecal specimens were collected on days 16 - 21 Holscher et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2015

PDX & SCF: Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes 100 Verrucomicrobia b a a 80 Proteobacteria % of sequences 60 Actinobacteria a b b 40 Bacteroidetes Firmicutes 20 0 p<0.01 NFC PDX SCF Holscher et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2015

Microbiome shifted with PDX & SCF PC2 (9%) SCF PDX NFC PC1 (10%) p<0.001 PC3 (5%) Holscher et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2015

Agave Inulin: Design ¨ Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial with three 21-day treatment periods ¨ Healthy adults (n=30) Control (0 g/d) Agave inulin Agave inulin (5.0 g/d) (7.5 g/d) ¨ Daily food and GI tolerance records ¨ 3 fecal specimens were collected on days 16 - 20 Holscher, H.D. et al., Food & Function, 2014

Agave inulin increased Bifidobacterium and decreased Desulfovibrio 6 c Desulfovibrio (% ¡of ¡sequences) Bifidobacterium (%of ¡sequences) 5 b 4 3 a 2 b a a 0.15 1 0.05 0 0 5.0 7.5 0 5.0 7.5 Treatment (Agave inulin g/day) Holscher, H.D. et al., J. Nutr 2015

Agave Inulin: Phenotypic Responses Holscher, H.D. et al., J. Nutr 2015

Diet modulates the GI microbiota Eating a diet rich in different types and sources of fibers helps support a more diverse microbiota PDX & SCF Whole Grains Shift Bacteriodetes:Firmicutes Roseburia Avocados Fermented Dairy Agave inulin Walnuts Bifidobacterium Faecalebacterium Roseburia Broccoli Dorea Almonds Roseburia Lachnospira

Acknowledgments ¨ Nutrition and Human Microbiome Laboratory Kelly Swanson ¨ George Fahey, Jr. ¤ Heather Guetterman ¨ Colleen Bushell ¤ Sharon Thompson ¨ Michael Welge ¤ Melisa Bailey ¨ Loretta Auvil ¨ ¤ Andrew Taylor Naiman Khan ¨ ¤ Jennifer Kaczmarek John Erdman Funding: General Mills, Ingredion Incorporated, ¨ ¨ William O’Brien Applied Research Institute, USDA National Institute of ¨ Food and Agriculture, Hatch project ILLU -­‑ 538 -­‑ 384, Dave Baer ¨ USDA ARS, Hass Avocado Board 24