International Time Use Community & Policy-Relevant Time Use Research Time Use Research Kimberly Fisher Secretary International Association for Time Use Research Centre for Time Use Research
Early Time Use Developments • Earliest surveys 1890s, • Early topics early large scale surveys • Plight of poor from 1920s • Peasant & farm labour • Key early academic • Radio & Television theorists – George Bevans George Bevans • Document days in times – Hildegarde Kneeland of change – Maud Pember-Reeves • Economic contributions – Margaret Gilpin Reid of home production – Pitirim Sorokin Early countries: France, Germany, Japan, Russia, UK, USA
Radical challenge of time use • Basic assumptions from early studies – Human behaviour occurs in cycles aligned to both natural and cultural rhythms both natural and cultural rhythms – To understand behaviour, you must consider activity patterns in total – the focus on isolated elements distorts and obscures the picture – All activities by all groups of people are important research subjects
Challenge to economic blind spots • Economic policy as developed in the 20 th century assumed – Complete separation of domestic & public spheres – domestic sphere has no policy relevance – domestic sphere has no policy relevance – Things of importance to policy makers have unambiguous financial value which over-rides other associated value – We only need to measure financial value to understand societies
International time use community • Sidelined researchers joined forces – Bias against value of measuring all behaviour in academic and public policy circles – Time-intensive data management & analysis – Time-intensive data management & analysis techniques of 1960s • Significant international co-operation – Szalai 12 country co-ordinated time use surveys – International Sociological Association Thematic Group 1, founded in Varna, Bulgaria 1970
International Association for Time Use Research • Over 2000 participants from over 85 countries – Academic researchers & post-graduate students – Official statistical agencies – Executive and council from: Argentina, Australia, – Executive and council from: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Canada, Chile, China, Djibouti, Germany, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Romania, United Kingdom • Annual conferences – Upcoming: Rio de Janeiro, Turku/Åbo, Istanbul – Recent past: Paris, Oxford, Matsue
International Association for Time Use Research • Community new via e-mail list – kimberly.fisher@timeuse.org to join list • Twitter - @IATUR • Twitter - @IATUR • Facebook – https://www.facebook.com/theIATUR
International Association for Time Use Research • Electronic International Journal of Time Use Research (eIJTUR) – http://www.eijtur.org/ • Training workshops for statistical office staff • Training workshops for statistical office staff and academics in developing countries – http://iatur.timeuse.org/workshops • Policy applications of time use research – http://iatur.timeuse.org/policy
• Centre for Development Alternatives Time Use Research Cell • Centre for Time Use Research, University of Oxford (CTUR) • Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatstica (IBGE) • International Working Group on Gender Macroeconomics • Ministry of Statistics, Government of India • Ministry of Statistics, Government of India • National Bureau of Statistics, People's Republic of China • ONU Mulheres • Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) • UNIFEM
IATUR time use policy applications resource
Father’s Participation in Childcare http://iatur.timeuse.org/child-care-fathers
Policy applications of time use research Full economic activity Satellite accounts Methods Care Valuation Modes Data Volunteering Unpaid work collection Adult care Leisure quality Travel Education Child care Life balance Energy use -Fathers Time poverty Carbon footprint - Growing up Well-being - Juggle work - Valuation - Valuation Active travel Active travel Pet care Quality of Patterns & modes Environment Life Children Disabilities Role constraints Low income Use of places Access to resources Migrants Women’s contributions Consumption Minorities Work distribution Culture Older people Populations Gender Leisure as work Sexuality Media use Single parents Sports Time with others Planning Health Exposure Food Physical activity Hours of work, Intensity of work, Paid work Leisure Sleep Opening hours, Safety at work, Unemployment, Work-life balance
Time use research policy applications Well-being & quality of life Environment Minority populations Gender Emerging Emerging equality equality areas National Travel accounts Common Health policy Paid work uses
Common Policy Uses of Time Diary Surveys • Paid work – Hours worked with sequencing of rest of day – Safety (potential fatigue, how long workers push themselves until breaks) themselves until breaks) – Work-life balance Data collection (accelerometer, • Health skin connectivity, GPS movement mapping) – Physical activity Data matching (links to physical activity standards, weather & – Sleep pollution, exposure risks) – Daily functioning of people living with disabilities
Common Policy Uses of Time Diary Surveys • Travel – Planning services and infrastructure – Social power related to transport access • Minority and vulnerable populations – Mapping use of social spaces – Time away from home, use of public spaces at various times of day measure social inclusion or isolation
Time use research policy applications Identified by Well-being & UNECE & quality of life UNECA as areas where Environment time use main Minority statistical populations source Gender Emerging Emerging equality equality areas National Travel accounts Common Health policy Paid work uses
Centre for Time Use Research • Situated in Department of Sociology & Nuffield College, University of Oxford • Core projects: – Multinational Time Use Study – Time use publications & metadata databases – Archiving other time use surveys and materials – Host IATUR website – Innovative research
www.timeuse.org
Multinational Time Use Study • Cross-time, cross-national harmonised dataset • Covers 25 countries, mid-1960s through 2011 • Time use surveys offer value for money in Time use surveys offer value for money in terms of the range of applications per unit cost of collecting the data • Archives accessible to researchers make best use of the values of time use surveys www.timeuse.org/mtus
Environmental Policies & Daily Behaviours in the USA: How Time Diaries Inform Sustainability Debates Kimberly Fisher , Centre for Time Use Research Kimberly Fisher , Centre for Time Use Research University of Oxford, United Kingdom Roujman Shahbazian , Institutet för Social Forskning (SOFI), Mohammad Sepahvand , Department of Economics, University of Uppsala, Sweden
Legislative Frameworks • EPA legislative policy maps classify states in 3 to 4 categories – No interest, doing nothing (=0) – Policy in development, partial implementation (=1) – Policy in development, partial implementation (=1) – Policy fully implemented, reductions reach target or meet standard set by EPA (4 th category for exceeding target or standard) (=2) • Sum of scores produces range 7 to 127
Results (for policy framework) • % total travel time on foot/bicycle *** • % total travel time on public transport *** • Mean minutes per day outside *** • Spent 20+ minutes with animals • Spent 20+ minutes with animals *** *** • Mean minutes per day driving *** • % driving time in car alone ** • MMPD watching TV, using PC in home *** • MMPD watch TV/use PC alone ***
Two Further Examples of Policy- Relevant Time Use Research Relevant Time Use Research Jonathan Gershuny Director, Centre for Time Use Research Former President, International Association for Time Use Research
The “too many zeros” problem – Stylised estimates: very inaccurate • People lie, exaggerate or minimize • Lack of knowledge about own activities – Diaries are burdensome – Diaries are burdensome • Hence: collect single day diaries – ...infrequent acts have too many zeros – ...so can’t look at distributions Jonathan Gershuny ‘Too Many Zeros: a Method for Estimating Long-term Time-use from Short Diaries’, Annals of Economics and Statistics , 105-106, 247- 271, 2012.
Intuition • Short diaries contain evidence of differential participation probabilities . • Variation in participation relates to – economic, social, demographic – economic, social, demographic characteristics… – …and also to individual “tastes” or “ habits ”. • Habits , indicated by participation frequencies and other similar measures , may be used in combination with diary to produce longer term estimates .
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