Intergenerational Gender Equality in China: A Perspective of NTA - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Intergenerational Gender Equality in China: A Perspective of NTA Qiulin Chen Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Ling Li Peking University Yu Jiang National Development Research Center June, 2013

Motivations • Gender equality is, first and foremost, a human right, and is one of the development goals. • Gender equality is a key factor in contributing to the economic growth of a nation • China was proud of its development on gender equality before the Market Reform. – During the period of the planned economy, one of the objectives of the Chinese government that was supported ideologically by Mao was to narrow the gender wage gap. As a result, urban China boasted a smaller wage gap compared to other countries, (Gustafsson and Li 2000). • Gender wage inequality has widened since the market reform, especially since the mid ‐ 1990s when the SOE reforms were implemented (Appleton et al. 2002; Knight and Song 2008). – The economic transition has had an effect on the gender wage gap, through development of the private sector and the granting of more autonomy to state ‐ owned enterprises to hire and fire employees and to determine wages. • What is the gender gap of labor income by age? What is the gender gap of economic retirement age? What is the difference of support system by gender?

I. Backgrounds Chinese Population by Gender (1949 ‐ 2011) 80000 1.09 1.08 70000 1.07 60000 1.06 (10 000 persons) 50000 1.05 Male 40000 1.04 Female 30000 1.03 Ratio 20000 1.02 10000 1.01 0 1 1949 1951 1960 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 year

Life Expectancy by Gender 80 The gap is 77.37 78 increasing. 76 74.83 73.33 74 72.38 71.4 72 70.47 Male 69.63 70 68.55 Female 68 66.84 Total 66 64 62 60 1990 2000 2010

Labor Force Participation Rate by Gender (2010) 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 (10 000 persons) 0.6 0.5 total 0.4 male 0.3 female 0.2 0.1 0 year Source: 2010 census

II. Data & Methodologies • Age profiles are conducted from survey data using standard NTA methodologies. • The aggregate control by gender are based on the NTA as a whole and the gender ratio of aggregate accounts conducted from the survey data. • Data: Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) – conducted by the China Social Science Academy through the National Bureau of Statistics. – conducted every 7 years. So far, three waves of surveys have been conducted at 1988, 1995, 2002 and 2007 respectively.

III. Findings Gender Gap of Labor Income 1.4 Female/ Male Labor Income 1.2 1 0.8 1995 0.6 2002 0.4 2007 0.2 0

Gender Gap of Labor Income , Rural 1.4 Female/ Male Labor Income 1.2 1 0.8 1995 0.6 2002 0.4 2007 0.2 0

Gender Gap of Labor Income, urban 1.4 Female/ Male Labor Income 1.2 1 0.8 1995 0.6 2002 0.4 2007 0.2 0

Lifecycle Deficit by Gender Lifecycle Deficit, 2007, China Normalized to average labor income of 30 ‐ 49 year olds Official retirement age: 60 for men; 55 for female civil servants; 50 for female workers. The gap of economical retirement age is 1 larger than the official one. 0.5 50 60 0 58 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+ ‐ 0.5 ‐ 1 ‐ 1.5 ‐ 2 Male Female Total

Changes of Lifecycle Deficit in China, Female Changes in Lifecycle Deficit, 1995 ‐ 2007, Female Normalized to average labor income of 30 ‐ 49 year olds 0.9 0.4 ‐ 0.1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+ ‐ 0.6 ‐ 1.1 ‐ 1.6 1995 LCD 2002 LCD 2007 LCD

Changes of Lifecycle Deficit in China, Male Changes in Lifecycle Deficit, 1995 ‐ 2007, Male Normalized to average labor income of 30 ‐ 49 year olds 0.9 0.4 ‐ 0.1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+ ‐ 0.6 ‐ 1.1 ‐ 1.6 1995 LCD 2002 LCD 2007 LCD

Lifecycle deficits by gender by region Lifecycle deficits by gender, China 2002 10,000 5,000 yuan, current prices 0 90+ 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 ‐ 5,000 ‐ 10,000 ‐ 15,000 Rural Female LDC Rural Male LDC Urban Female LDC Urban Male LDC

Working life by gender by region 2002 2007 indepen economically independ economically working working life life dent retired ent retired Cutting age (years) (years) Female 23 52 29 22 50 28 Male 22 62 40 22 60 38 Rural Female 19 57 38 18 54 36 Rural Male 20 67 47 18 62 44 Urban Female 23 52 29 22 50 28 Urban Male 23 61 38 23 58 35

Female, 1995 Changing pattern of lifecycle deficit reallocations Per capita , yuan, 2000 constant prices 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+ ‐ 2000 ‐ 4000 ‐ 6000 ‐ 8000 Asset Reallocation Public Transfer Family Transfer LCD

Female, 2002 Changing pattern of lifecycle deficit reallocations Per capita , yuan, 2000 constant prices 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+ ‐ 2000 ‐ 4000 ‐ 6000 ‐ 8000 Asset Reallocation Public Transfer Family Transfer LCD

Female, 2007 Changing pattern of lifecycle deficit reallocations Per capita , yuan, 2000 constant prices 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+ ‐ 2000 ‐ 4000 ‐ 6000 ‐ 8000 Asset Reallocation Public Transfer Family Transfer LCD

Male, 1995 Changing pattern of lifecycle deficit reallocations Per capita , yuan, 2000 constant prices 7500 2500 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+ ‐ 2500 ‐ 7500 ‐ 12500 ‐ 17500 Asset Reallocation Public Transfer Family Transfer LCD

Male, 2002 Changing pattern of lifecycle deficit reallocations Per capita , yuan, 2000 constant prices 7500 2500 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+ ‐ 2500 ‐ 7500 ‐ 12500 ‐ 17500 Asset Reallocation Public Transfer Family Transfer LCD

Male, 2007 Changing pattern of lifecycle deficit reallocations Per capita , yuan, 2000 constant prices 7500 2500 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90+ ‐ 2500 ‐ 7500 ‐ 12500 ‐ 17500 Asset Reallocation Public Transfer Family Transfer LCD

Support System of the Elderly (65+) Assets 1/3 Male 1995 2/3 Male 2002 2/3 Male 2007 1/3 Female 2007 0 Family Public Female 2002 2/3 1/3 Transfers Transfers Female 1995

IV. Discussion and Further work • Gender gap of labor income should be over calculated because women do more non ‐ SNA work than men. • Gender gap of consumptions is under estimated because personal consumption was estimated from household consumption, but we do not include gender issue when we estimate it. • Further work: the determinants of the gender gap: Labor force participation, industry, education….

Average Time of Non ‐ SNA Productive Activities, by sex 400 minutes per day 300 200 100 0 15 ‐ 19 20 ‐ 24 25 ‐ 29 30 ‐ 34 35 ‐ 39 40 ‐ 44 45 ‐ 49 50 ‐ 54 55 ‐ 59 60 ‐ 64 65 ‐ 69 70 ‐ 74 Non ‐ SNA productive activities （ total ） Non ‐ SNA productive activities （ male ） Non ‐ SNA productive activities （ female ） Sources: China Time Use Survey (CTUS), 2008

Average Time of Non ‐ SNA Productive Activities, by sex 100 minutes per day 80 60 40 20 0 15 ‐ 19 20 ‐ 24 25 ‐ 29 30 ‐ 34 35 ‐ 39 40 ‐ 44 45 ‐ 49 50 ‐ 54 55 ‐ 59 60 ‐ 64 65 ‐ 69 70 ‐ 74 Take care of families and support other people (total) Take care of families and support other people (male) Take care of families and support other people (female) Sources: China Time Use Survey (CTUS), 2008

THANKS!