INNOVATIONS IN THE REASONED ACTION APPROACH: APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS Dr. Paul Branscum Miami University branscpw@miamioh.edu
• “He who loves practice without theory is like the sailor who boards ship without a rudder and compass and never knows where he may cast.” • Leonardo Da Vinci, 1452-1519
THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR/REASONED ACTION APPROACH Behavioral Beliefs Attitudes X (Experiential/ Outcome Instrumental) Environmental Expectations Constraints Skills Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Perceived Comply Health Behavioral Norms Behavior Intentions (Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms) Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents The Reasoned Action Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Approach Perceived Behavioral Control (Capacity/Autonomy) Autonomy
RAA THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR/REASONED ACTION APPROACH Behavioral Beliefs Attitudes X (Experiential/ Outcome Instrumental) Environmental Expectations Constraints Skills Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Perceived Comply Health Norms Behavioral Intentions Behavior (Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms) Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Perceived Behavioral Control (Capacity/Autonomy) Autonomy The Theory of Planned Behavior The Reasoned Action Approach
RAA TRA TPB THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR/REASONED ACTION APPROACH Behavioral Beliefs Attitudes X (Experiential/ Outcome Instrumental) Environmental Expectations Constraints Skills Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Perceived Comply Health Norms Behavioral Intentions Behavior (Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms) Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Perceived Behavioral Control (Capacity/Autonomy) Autonomy The Theory of Reasoned Action The Theory of Planned Behavior The Reasoned Action Approach
THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR/REASONED ACTION APPROACH Behavioral Beliefs Attitudes X (Experiential/ Outcome Instrumental) Environmental Expectations Constraints Skills Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Perceived Comply Health Behavioral Norms Behavior Intentions (Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms) Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents The Reasoned Action Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Approach Perceived Behavioral Control (Capacity/Autonomy) Autonomy
“THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE” • Why even talk about TRA/TPB/RAA??? Behavioral Beliefs Attitudes X (Experiential/ Outcome Instrumental) Environmental Expectations Constraints Skills • A defining characteristic of Fishbein and Ajzen’s early Injunctive Normative Beliefs work was on identifying and studying SINGLE behaviors. X Motivation to Perceived Comply Health Norms Behavioral Behavior (Injunctive Norms/ Intentions Descriptive Norms) Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Perceived Behavioral Control (Capacity/Autonomy) Autonomy
“THEORY AND APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE” • Chapter 1: Introduction • Chapter 2: Defining and Predicting Behavior • TACT • T arget A ction C ontext T ime-Frame • “Because our concern is with predicting and understanding human social behavior, the first and in some ways the most crucial step is to clearly define the behavior of interest, a task that is much more complex than it might at first appear (p. 29).
DEFINING BEHAVIORS “Getting a flu-shot during the month of November from your primary care physician”
DEFINING BEHAVIORS “Physical Activity” *(More specifically Aerobic PA) • At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300 minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity aerobic PA • OR 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA • OR An equivalent combination of BOTH. ***Preferably, aerobic activity should be spread throughout the week.****
DEFINING BEHAVIORS “Physical Activity”
DEFINING BEHAVIORS “Physical Activity”
DEFINING BEHAVIORS “Physical Activity”
DEFINING BEHAVIORS “Physical Activity”
DEFINING BEHAVIORS “Physical Activity”
DEFINING BEHAVIORS “Physical Activity” *(More specifically Aerobic PA) • At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300 • Walk at least 60 a minutes a day. minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity aerobic PA • Swim at least 45 a minutes a day. • OR 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA • Go jogging/running at least 30 minutes on most days of the week. • OR An equivalent combination of BOTH. ***Preferably, aerobic activity should be spread throughout the week.****
THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR/REASONED ACTION APPROACH Behavioral Beliefs Attitudes X (Experiential/ Outcome Instrumental) Environmental Expectations Constraints Skills “Behavioral Category” Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Perceived Comply Health Behavioral Norms Behavior Intentions (Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms) Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Perceived Behavioral Control (Capacity/Autonomy) Autonomy
RAA APPLIED TO MULTIPLE BEHAVIOR INTERVENTIONS • 1. An intervention encouraging a ‘behavioral category’ can produce changes in many sub-behaviors Robert Hornik • 2. Single behavior interventions diffuse to like behaviors.
AN INTERVENTION ENCOURAGING A ‘BEHAVIORAL CATEGORY’ CAN PRODUCE CHANGES IN MANY SUB-BEHAVIORS Intervention • At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300 • Walk at least 60 a minutes a day. minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity aerobic PA • Swim at least 45 a minutes a day. • OR 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA • Go jogging/running at least 30 minutes on most days of the week. • OR An equivalent combination of BOTH. ***Preferably, aerobic activity should be spread throughout the week.****
SINGLE BEHAVIOR INTERVENTIONS DIFFUSE TO LIKE BEHAVIORS “Obesogenic Behaviors” Intervention • “Muscle Strengthening Physical Activity” • 2 days per week • At least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) to 300 • Chest minutes (5 hours) a week of moderate-intensity aerobic PA • Legs • Arms • OR 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) to 150 minutes • Etc.. (2 hours and 30 minutes) a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic PA • Eating a healthy diet • OR An equivalent combination of BOTH. • Eat more fruits/veggies ***Preferably, aerobic activity should be spread throughout • Reduce calorie intake the week.****
Indicates direct path between behavioral antecedents of the same Attitudes behavior towards Behavior Indicates cross-path between behavioral antecedents of different behaviors RAA model Perceived FV Make sure my preschooler eats half of his/her plate Norms for FV Intentions Monitoring filled with fruits and vegetables at least 5 days a Practices week Perceived Behavioral Control FV or SSB Monitoring Practices Perceived Behavioral Control Make sure my preschooler does not drink RAA model Perceived SSB for SSB Norms Intentions sugary beverages Monitoring Practices “Parental Practices Regarding Attitudes towards Obesogenic Behaviors” Behavior
Indirect Measures Direct Measures Behavioral Beliefs Attitudes X (Experiential/ Outcome Instrumental) Environmental Expectations Constraints Skills Injunctive Normative Beliefs X Motivation to Perceived Comply Health Behavioral Norms Behavior Intentions (Injunctive Norms/ Descriptive Norms) Descriptive Normative Beliefs X Identification with Referents Control Beliefs X Perceived Power Perceived Behavioral Control (Capacity/Autonomy) Autonomy Determinants of Intentions
DIRECT VS INDIRECT INJUNCTIVE NORMS • Direct Measures • Indirect Measures • Normative Belief OLD = • My PARENTS think that I should sleep 7-9 hours per night….Strongly Agree/Disagree • Most people whose opinions I value would approve of my sleeping 7-9 hours NOW per night… Strongly Agree/Disagree • Motivation to Comply ≠ • I want to do what my PARENTS think that I should do….Strongly Agree/Disagree OLD: You can look at these as TWO WAYS to measure the SAME CONSTRUCT NOW: NOT REALLY THE SAME THING….
INJUNCTIVE NORMS Formative Measures Reflective Measures Injunctive Normative Belief (inb i ) Example Item: My parents want me to sleep at least 7- Generalized Injunctive Norms 9 hours every night of the week. Product of Belief (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree) ( � IN) Strength and Value-Laden Example Item: Most people who are important to me want me Constructs Motivation to Comply (mtc i ) to sleep at least 7-9 hours every night of the week (inb i x mtc i ) (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree) Example Item: For matters related to health, I want to do what my parents think I should do. (Strongly Disagree/Strongly Agree) Determinants of Injunctive Norms “Generalized” Injunctive Norms �
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