Information and its sources What should we believe? v Traditions v Authorities v Experiences v Supernatural Things
Ways to access information How should we think? v Rationalism v Empiricism v Scientific Method
Fantastic Pseudosciences and Where to Find Them? v Pitches the claim directly to the media. v A powerful establishment is trying to suppress his or her work. v Scientific effect involved is always at the very limit of detection. v A belief is credible because it has endured for centuries. v Worked in isolation. v New laws of nature to explain an observation.
Science B*tch!!! What is the science? v A way of learning about the world v Effort to discover v Increasing human understanding v Making the World a better place?
What is Statistics? Statistics is the science of conducting studies to collect , organize , summarize , analyze , and draw conclusions from data.
Psychology as a statistical science What is the origin of psychology? William James Wilhelm Wundt Ivan Pavlov Jean Piaget Chemistry, Medicine Medicine Physics Zoology
Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics Deals with the analysis of data Deals with what the subjects can collected on the sample. tell us about the population.
Statistical analysis When, which, and why? v Tell me your hypothesis and I will tell you correct analysis v Characteristics of independent and dependent variables v Measurement type
When Wich, and Why? Goal Type of Data
Are these all the same thing? 1. Cinsiyetler arasında benlik saygısı açısından fark var mıdır? 2. Cinsiyet ile benlik saygısı arasında ili ş ki var mıdır? 3. Benlik saygısı cinsiyete ba ğ lı olarak de ğ i ş mekte midir?
Descriptive Statistics v Methods of describing the characteristics of a data set v Useful because they allow you to make sense of the data v Helps exploring and making conclusions for rational decisions v Involves describing, summarizing and organizing the data
The Range v The difference between the highest and the lowest values v The simplest measure of variability v Often denoted by R v It can be misleading in the presence of outliers
The Outlier v Data objects that are grossly different from or inconsistent with the remaining set of data v Causes: Measurement errors or Inherent data variability Is being outlier a good thing or a bad thing?
The Mean
The Median
The Mode
13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13 Range = 21 – 13 = 8 Mean = (13 + 18 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 16 + 14 + 21 + 13) ÷ 9 = 15 Median = 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21 Mode = 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21
The Standard Deviation v The average distance of the data points from their own mean v Low standard deviation indicates that the data points are clustered around the mean v Large standard deviation indicates that they are widely scattered around the mean Ø For example: Ø 1. 90, 70, 80, 80 Ø 2. 10, 30, 80, 200 Ø Mean = 80
Normal Distribution (Bell Shaped Curve) Destiny of Probability
Sir Francis Galton
Destiny of Probability
The Normal Distribution of Everything ๏ What does being successful mean? ๏ Are you normal ?
Statistical Analysis Software When, which, and why?
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