Information and its sources What should we believe? v Traditions v - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Information and its sources

v Traditions v Authorities v Experiences v Supernatural Things

What should we believe?

Ways to access information

How should we think?

v Rationalism v Empiricism v Scientific Method

v Pitches the claim directly to the media. v A powerful establishment is trying to suppress his or her work. v Scientific effect involved is always at the very limit of detection. v A belief is credible because it has endured for centuries. v Worked in isolation. v New laws of nature to explain an

• bservation.

Fantastic Pseudosciences and

Where to Find Them?

Science B*tch!!!

What is the science? v A way of learning about the world v Effort to discover v Increasing human understanding v Making the World a better place?

Statistics is the science of conducting studies to collect,

• rganize,

summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.

What is Statistics?

Psychology as a statistical science

What is the origin of psychology?

William James Wilhelm Wundt Ivan Pavlov Jean Piaget

Chemistry, Medicine Medicine Physics Zoology

Descriptive statistics Inferential statistics

Deals with what the subjects can tell us about the population. Deals with the analysis of data collected on the sample.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis

When, which, and why? v Tell me your hypothesis and I will tell you correct analysis v Characteristics of independent and dependent variables v Measurement type

Type of Data Goal

When Wich, and Why?

• 1. Cinsiyetler arasında benlik saygısı açısından fark var mıdır?
• 2. Cinsiyet ile benlik saygısı arasında ilişki var mıdır?
• 3. Benlik saygısı cinsiyete bağlı olarak değişmekte midir?

Are these all the same thing?

v Methods of describing the characteristics of a data set v Useful because they allow you to make sense of the data v Helps exploring and making conclusions for rational decisions v Involves describing, summarizing and organizing the data

Descriptive Statistics

The Range

v The difference between the highest and the lowest values v The simplest measure of variability v Often denoted by R v It can be misleading in the presence of outliers

The Outlier

v Data objects that are grossly different from or inconsistent with the remaining set of data v Causes: Measurement errors or Inherent data variability

Is being outlier a good thing or a bad thing?

The Mean

The Median

The Mode

13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13

Mean = (13 + 18 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 16 + 14 + 21 + 13) ÷ 9 = 15 Median = 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21 Mode = 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21 Range = 21 – 13 = 8

The Standard Deviation

vThe average distance of the data points from their own mean vLow standard deviation indicates that the data points are clustered around the mean vLarge standard deviation indicates that they are widely scattered around the mean

Ø For example: Ø 1. 90, 70, 80, 80 Ø 2. 10, 30, 80, 200 Ø Mean = 80

Normal Distribution (Bell Shaped Curve) Destiny of Probability

Sir Francis Galton

Destiny of Probability

The Normal Distribution of Everything

๏ What does being successful mean? ๏ Are you normal?

Statistical Analysis Software When, which, and why?