Indoor and Outdoor 5G Diffraction Measurements and Models at 10, 20, - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Indoor and Outdoor 5G Diffraction Measurements and Models at 10, 20, and 26 GHz IEEE Global Communications Conference Washington, D.C., USA, Dec. 5, 2016 Sijia Deng, George R. MacCartney Jr., and Theodore S. Rappaport {sijia,gmac,tsr}@nyu.edu S. Deng, G. R. MacCartney, Jr., and T. S. Rappaport, “Millimeter Wave  2016 NYU WIRELESS Diffraction Measurements and Models at 10, 20, and 26 GHz,” 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) , Washington, D.C., USA, Dec. 2016.

Agenda • Millimeter Wave Diffraction Measurements at 10, 20, and 26 GHz • Diffraction Measurement System and Procedures • Indoor and Outdoor Measurement Environment and Measured Materials • Diffraction Models: KED Model and Creeping Wave Linear Model • Indoor and Outdoor Measurement Results and Fit to Models • Impact of Diffraction in practical cm/mmWave systems • Conclusion 2

Millimeter Wave Diffraction Measurements Millimeter Wave Diffraction Measurements at 10, 20, and 26 GHz • Understand diffraction loss vs. frequency in indoor and outdoor environments • Investigate effects of environment, material type and object shape • Develop accurate and simple diffraction loss models T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. 3 K. B. Krauskopf, A. Beiser, The Physical Universe, McGraw Hill, 2002.

Measurement System Characteristics Carrier Frequency 10 GHz 20 GHz 26 GHz Maximum TX Power 6 dBm TX/RX Antenna Azi./Elv. HPBW 17°/ 17° (20 dBi) 17°/ 17° (20 dBi) 10.9°/ 8.6° (24.5 dBi) (Gain) TX Max. EIRP 26 dBm 26 dBm 30.5 dBm Cross Polarization 33.1 dB 32.1 dB 29.4 dB Discrimination (XPD)* V – V, H-V TX-RX Polarization TX Antenna Height (h TX ) 1.4 m RX Antenna Height (h RX ) 1.4 m TX to Corner * 2 m RX to Corner 1 m # of TX Incident Angle 3 (Indoor), 2 (Outdoor) # of RX Track Locations 5 Track Length 35.3 cm Track Increment 0.875 cm # of Power Measurements per 200 TX Incident Angle * XPD values were measured at 3 m free space distance. 4 * 2 m is in the far field of these antennas.

10, 20, and 26 GHz Measurements • At 10, 20, and 26 GHz: • Three TX incidence angles per material (indoor) • Indoor 𝛄 Range: 10º to 39º • Outdoor 𝛄 Range: 20º to 36º • Two TX incidence angles per material (outdoor) • Five RX track locations, RX antenna moves in 8.75 mm increments (corresponding to 0.5º increments) from NLOS to LOS environment • 40 Measurements per track, 200 total data points for each TX incident angle 5

Indoor Diffraction Measurement Material Three measurement materials: Drywall Corner, Plastic Board, and Wooden Corner Wooden Corner Plastic Board Semi-transparent board with a thickness of 2 cm Drywall Corner Drywall Corner Vertical metal stud inside 6

Outdoor Diffraction Measurements Two measurement locations: Marble Corner and Stone Pillar Rough Surface with rounded corners 7

Knife Edge Diffraction Model Knife Edge Diffraction Model (KED) = F ( u ) = 1 + j E KED ¥ ò 2 × e - j ( p /2) t 2 d t E 0 u corner u = u 2( d 1 + d 2 ) 2 d 1 d 2 = a l d 1 d 2 l ( d 1 + d 2 ) G ( u )[dB] = - P ( u ) = 20log 10 F ( u ) A Function of Frequency and Diffraction Angle T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002. 8

Creeping Wave Linear Model Linear Model with fixed anchor point E i Incident field k Wave number D p Excitation coefficient A function of diffraction angle ( α in degrees ) y p Attenuation constant c = 6.03 dB L. Piazzi and H. L. Bertoni, “Effect of terrain on path loss in urban environments for wireless applications,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 1138-1147, Aug. 1998. 9

Statistics Between Measurements And Prediction Error between measurements and prediction D ( a i )[dB] = P meas ( a i ) - P pred ( a i ) Mean Error N ME[dB] = 1 å D ( a i ) Indicator for the overall trend of the prediction N i = 1 Sample Standard Deviation 1 é ù 2 N 2 ( ) 1 å SD[dB] = D ( a i ) - ME ê ú N - 1 ë û i = 1 T. Negishi, V. Picco, D. Spitzer, D. Erricolo, G. Carluccio, F. Puggelli, and M. Albani , ”Measurements to validate the UTD triple diffraction coefficient,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 62, no. 7, pp. 3723 -3730, July 2014. 10

Drywall KED Measurements Results Diffraction and Free Space Penetration Transmission, Reflection, and Diffraction ME: 0.1 dB ME: 0.5 dB SD: 5.4 dB SD: 5.8 dB S. Deng, G. R. MacCartney, Jr., and T. S. Rappaport, “Millimeter Wave Diffraction Measurements and Models at 10, 20, and 30 GHz,” 2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) , Dec. 2016. 26 GHz 20 GHz 10 GHz ME: -1.3 dB SD: 5.1 dB 11

Wooden Corner KED Measurements Results ME: -3.9 dB ME: -3.3 dB SD: 4.4 dB SD: 5.8 dB KED overestimates by 2 – 4 dB 26 GHz 20 GHz 10 GHz ME: -1.5 dB SD: 5.2 dB 12

Plastic Board KED Measurements Results ME: -3.2 dB ME: -3.7 dB SD: 5.2 dB SD: 4.6 dB Penetration through the semi-transparent board KED overestimates by 2 – 4 dB 26 GHz 20 GHz 10 GHz ME: -4.2 dB SD: 7.1 dB 13

Stone Pillar Creeping Wave Measurements Results Linear Model Linear Model ME: 0.03 dB ME: 0.45 dB SD: 2.8 dB SD: 4.3 dB KED Model KED Model ME: 6.8 dB ME: 8.5 dB SD: 7.5 dB SD: 9.2 dB MMSE fit Anchor point n=0.88 from KED model n=0.75 26 GHz Linear Model 20 GHz ME: 0.48 dB SD: 4.0 dB 10 GHz KED Model ME: 9.9 dB SD: 10.3 dB 14 n=0.96 P. A. Tenerelli and C. W. Bostian, "Measurements of 28 GHz diffraction loss by building corners," IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communication , vol.3, pp. 1166-1169, Sept. 1998

Marble Corner Creeping Wave Measurements Results Linear Model Linear Model ME: -0.34 dB ME: 0.45 dB SD: 3.3 dB SD: 4.3 dB KED Model KED Model ME: 1.3 dB ME: 3.3 dB SD: 5.5 dB SD: 5.8 dB n=0.62 n=0.77 26 GHz Linear Model ME: 4.8 dB SD: 5.0 dB 20 GHz KED Model ME: 7.8 dB 10 GHz SD: 8.6 dB n=0.96 15

Indoor Examples Indoor Environment Diffraction angle α from 0º to 20º Diffraction Loss by the KED Model 10 GHz: 20.3 dB ( ± 5 dB) 20 GHz: 23.3 dB ( ± 5 dB) 26 GHz: 24.4 dB ( ± 5 dB) Diffraction angle α from 0º to 30º Diffraction Loss by the KED Model 10 GHz: 23.9 dB ( ± 5 dB) 20 GHz: 26.9 dB ( ± 5 dB) 26 GHz: 28.1 dB ( ± 5 dB) If v = 1m/s, the received signal is dropping at a rate of about 25 dB/s 16

Outdoor Examples Outdoor Environment Diffraction angle α from 0º to 20 º Diffraction Loss by the Linear Model For the stone rounded surface For the marble surface 10 GHz: 21.0 dB ( ± 4 dB) 10 GHz: 18.5 dB ( ± 4 dB) 20 GHz: 23.7 dB ( ± 5 dB) 20 GHz: 21.4 dB ( ± 5 dB) 26 GHz: 25.3 dB ( ± 5 dB) 26 GHz: 25.2 dB ( ± 5 dB) Diffraction angle α from 0º to 30 º Diffraction Loss by the KED Model Typical Slope Values For the stone rounded surface For the marble surface 10 GHz: 28.5 dB ( ± 4 dB) Frequency Stone Marble 10 GHz: 24.8 dB ( ± 4 dB) 10 GHz 0.76 0.63 20 GHz: 32.5 dB ( ± 5 dB) 20 GHz: 29.0 dB ( ± 5 dB) 20 GHz 0.90 0.78 26 GHz: 34.9 dB ( ± 5 dB) 26 GHz: 34.8 dB ( ± 5 dB) 26 GHz 0.98 0.98 If v = 1m/s, the received signal is dropping at a rate of about 30 dB/s 17

Conclusion • The KED model can be used in ray tracing tools to calculate diffraction loss in the indoor environment, with about 5 dB standard deviation (due to the reflective indoor environment and penetration through the corner). • The KED model underestimates diffraction loss of outdoor measurements for V-V antenna polarizations, especially in the deep shadow region. The diffraction loss for an outdoor building corner with a smooth or rounded edge can be better predicted by a simple linear creeping wave model. • The diffraction loss as a function of diffraction angle clearly increased with frequency for identical outdoor measurement locations. • Typical slope values found in the the linear creeping wave model increased from 0.62 to 0.96 from 10 to 26 GHz for outdoor buildings. • At walking speeds around a corner, diffraction loss is 25-30 dB in a second. 18

Acknowledgment Acknowledgement to our NYU WIRELESS Industrial Affiliates and NSF Grants: 1320472, 1302336, and 1555332 19