Individual Differences: The Structure and Measure of Cognitive Abilities III: Creativity Dr. Simon Sherwood covering for Dr. David Luke
Aims of the lecture 1. The Concept of Creativity – what is it? 2. Approaches to the study of creativity - Person, process, press, product? - Links with intelligence, personality, psychopathology? 3. Measurement of Creativity - Types of measures
Key Reading Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2011). Personality and individual differences (2nd ed.). Chichester: BPS Blackwell. (Chpt. 10) Maltby, J., Day, L., & Macaskill, A. (2013). Personality, individual differences and intelligence (3rd ed.). Harlow: Pearson. (Chpt. 16). http://www.pearsoned.co.uk/maltby
Further Reading Barron, F., & Harrington, D. M. (1981). Creativity, intelligence, and personality. Annual Review of Psychology , 32 , 439-476. http://www.corwin.com/upm-data/33595_Anderson.pdf Batey, M., & Furnham, A. (2006). Creativity, intelligence, and personality: A critical review of the scattered literature. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs , 132 , 355-429. http://my.psychologytoday.com/files/attachments/33524/creativity- intelligence-and-personality-review-the-scattered-literature.pdf Feist, G. J. (1998). A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review , 2 , 290-309. http://www.gwern.net/docs/1998-feist.pdf Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology , 61 , 569-598. http://llk.media.mit.edu/courses/readings/HennesseyCrRev.pdf
Other reading Hocevar, D. (1981). Measurement of creativity: Review and critique. Journal of Personality Assessment , 45(5), 450-465. Feldhunsen, J. F. and Goh, B. E. (1995) Assessing and accessing creativity: An integrative review of theory, research, and development. Creativity Research Journal , 8(3), 231-247. Sternberg, R. J., & Kaufman, S. B. (Eds.) (2011). The Cambridge Handbook of intelligence . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sternberg, R. J., & O’Hara, L. A. (2000). Intelligence and creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of intelligence (pp. 611-630). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Documentary – Brain Story - All in the Mind c. 30:00- min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAzroGRU5fQ
Creativity: What is it? “ Creativity is defined as intelligent, goal- directed search within a culturally defined domain for novel solutions to more or less well defined problems, resulting in the generation of a novel product (Nielson, 1996 )”
Creativity: What is it? “ Creativity is defined as intelligent, goal- directed search within a culturally defined domain for novel solutions to more or less well defined problems, resulting in the generation of a novel product (Nielson, 1996)”
Creativity: What is it? “… creativity appears to be the same tendency which we discover so deeply as the curative force in psychotherapy – man’s tendency to actualise himself, to become his potentialities. … the urge to expand, extend, develop, mature, the tendency to express and activate all the capacities of the organism, to the extent that such activation enhances … the self (Rogers, 1959, p. 76). ”
Creativity: What is it? “ … creative thinking, [is] defined as the thought processes involved in producing work of acknowledged greatness in art or science (Weisberg, 1989, p. 148). ”
Creativity: What is it? “ … creativity refers to the abilities that are most characteristic of creative people. Creative abilities determine whether the individual has the power to exhibit creative behavior to a noteworthy degree. … In other words, the psychologist ’ s problem is that of creative personality (Guilford, 1950, p.33). ”
Creativity: What is it? - Eminence? Beethoven (music) Dali (painting) Shakespeare (literature) Gaudi (architecture) - According to Sternberg (1988): Creative product: is original and appropriate. Creative person: is one who produces creative products.
Creativity: What is it? - Eminence? Beethoven (music) Dali (painting) Shakespeare (literature) Gaudi (architecture) - According to Sternberg (1988): Creative product: is original and appropriate. Creative person: is that one who produces creative products. Different types of creativity – Sternberg (2005)
Internal-External, Individual-Collective Perspectives
Person, Process, Product & Press Runco (2004) suggested 4 approaches to study of creativity: 1. Person - Personal characteristics e.g., traits, motivation 2. Process - Thoughts, actions, behaviours underpinning process 3. Press - Environmental influences e.g., cultural, organisational, family, peer 4. Product - Outcomes or results of creative process
The Concept of Creativity - Two contrasting views: - Getzels (1975): There is no universal agreement on the definition of creativity. - Vernon (1989): There is agreement on creativity as: - “ ... a person ’ s capacity to produce ideas, inventions, artistic objects, insights, and products which are evaluated by experts as being of high scientific, aesthetic, social, or technological value. ” (p. 232).
The Concept of Creativity - Other researchers stress the importance of the product, rather than the process, in their definitions of creativity: - Amabile (1987): “ A product is creative if it is an appropriate solution to an open-ended task. ” (p. 227). (1962): “ ...a response or an idea that is (1) - McKinnon novel or statistically infrequent... (2) It must serve to solve a problem , fit a situation, or accomplish some recognisable goal. And (3) creativity involves sustaining of the original insight , an evaluation, and elaboration of it to the full. ”
Creativity & Intelligence? From Chamorro-Premuzic (2011, p. 303)
Creativity & Intelligence? Chamorro-Premuzic (2011) “The most widely held view on the relationship between creativity and intelligence is that both constructs are related . In psychometric terms, this means that creativity and intelligence share a substantial amount of variance; in plain English, this means that creativity and intelligence have much in common.” (p. 308, my emphasis) Variable correlations -.05 to .3 or .4 – vary according to measures used? “At best, then, creativity and intelligence are related but distinct constructs.” (p. 309)
Creativity & Intelligence? Sternberg & Lubart (1995) – IQ as part of creativity
Creativity & Personality? Chamorro-Premuzic (2011, p. 322)
Creativity & Psychopathology? Chamorro-Premuzic (2011, p. 314) “Overall, the literature shows a relatively inconsistent pattern of results for the relationship between creativity measures and diverse indicators of abnormal behaviour, though associations between creativity and mental disorders have been frequent.”
Creativity & Psychopathology? Chamorro-Premuzic (2011, p. 316) “[T]here are no doubt salient features that differentiate creative from mentally ill individuals; such features should not be undermined….” “[C] reative individuals may have every intention of producing original associations, while psychotic individuals may have little alternative or control over their original, unusual, or eccentric ideas.” Is creativity a form of ‘controlled weirdness’? Barron
Theoretical Models of Creativity - A) Creativity as a complex cognitive process (Amabile, 1990) - Amabile proposes a model of creativity in 5 stages - Stage 1: External input + an impetus Stage 2: Preparation: Role of the stimulus as a “ chance for creativity ” - - Stage 3: Response generation: Subject searches memory/environment - Stage 4: Evaluation of the response - Stage 5: Creative response: Success, failure, or partial success - A number of factors that influence the process: motivation, domain-relevant skills, and creativity-relevant skills
Theoretical Models of Creativity - B) Creativity as problem-solving (Treffinger, Feldhusen, & Isaksen, 1990) - Creativity compared to problem solving. Model of productive thinking. Creativity is understood as a set of cognitive processes. - In productive thinking process we depart from a series of: Skills – knowledge – motivation – dispositions – metacognitions - which are used by the individual in: Critical thinking / divergent thinking (alternative solutions) - to finally make a decision and produce a solution. Creativity as decision making - problem solving
Theoretical Models of Creativity - C) Creativity as a social phenomenon (Czikszentmihalyi, 1990) Creativity is not an individual ’ s attribute but society attributes - creativity to individuals Creativity as an interaction: Domain – Person – Field - - 1st - The domain is the set of opportunities and constraints communicated to the person (e.g. through education). - 2nd - The person produces a variant product. - 3rd - The field is the group of experts that would, finally, decide whether the product meets the criteria of the domain.
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