in countries of EECCA present and future Prof. Dr. of Science - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transboundary water management in countries of EECCA – present and future Prof. Dr. of Science Viktor A.Dukhovniy (Uzbekistan) Merzlikina Iuliia B.(Russia) International Summit on Water Security, Marrakesh 30th of September 2019

FOOD ECOLOGICAL SECURITY SECURITY WATERSUPPLY SECURITY GUARANTEE OF WATER = GUARANTEE WATER RIGHTS

Transboundary water cooperation in Central Asia

The Aral Sea Basin

The Soviet Heritage Positive Negative  8 mln ha irrigated lands  Disregard to the environment:  70 large dams & reservoirs annual damage from the Aral Sea  93% population had access to disaster 210 mln USD, incl. 150 mln USD in Uzbekistan, water supply desertification 5 mln ha  Largest in the world canals  Ignoring water users’ opinion system (the Karakum) & pumping  High cost of waterworks cascades (Karshi)  Qualified staff & high scientific operation  Cross-coordination of aims of potential  Experience & practice of republics  Water-hydropower conflict centralized water management

The Basic Indicators of Water and Land Resources Development in the Aral Sea Basin Forecast (2030) Indicator Unit 1960 1980 1990 2010 Optimistic Pessimistic 48.5 14.4 26.8 33.6 54.0 70.0 Population million 8201 thousand 4510 6920 7600 9330 9300 Irrigated area hectares 0.32 0.26 0.23 0.17 0.17 0.12 Irrigated area per capita ha/capita 109.5 km 3 /year 60.61 120.69 116.27 104.5 117.0 Total water withdrawal 91.6 km 3 /year 56.15 106.79 106.4 86.8 96.7 Including for irrigation Specific withdrawal m 3 /ha 12450 15430 14000 11171 9300 10400 per 1 hectare Specific withdrawal m 3 /capita 4270 4500 3460 2259 1935 1670 per capita 16.1 48.1 74.0 76.7 109 77.0 GNP bln.USD

Comparative indicators of Central Asia states States Area, Population, GNP per Water resources, Irrigated Power th.km 2 mln.m 3 mln.persons capita, area, productio USD mln. ha n, mln. own used kWt/h Kazakhstan 2724.9 17.42 12626.3 64.35 21.14 1695.9 94634.2 Kyrgyzstan 199.9 5.89 1258.1 48.93 8.33 1023.8 14011.3 Tajikistan 143.1 8.32 1110.6 63.46 11.69 759.2 17115.0 Turkmenistan 491.21 6.15 7793.5 1.41 27.13 1571.0 18200.0 Uzbekistan 448.97 31.02 2020.9 16.34 48.55 4291.0 55000.0 Afghanistan 652.2 31.28 666.2 47.15 20.28 1624 827.0

Evaluation of water resources available for use in the Aral Sea Basin, km 3

Combination of climatic and water management scenarios

Prin Princip cipal c al cha hall llen enge ges s in the in the r regio gion • Climate change impact: reduced flow, glaciers melt, prevalence and severity of extreme events • Demographic pressure – population growth 1.2 – 1.8% per year • Weakness of economic base • Poor water management • Hydro egoism • Ongoing restructuration of economy and especially agrarian farming • Instability of market and prices.

Different water use priorities Kazakhstan 100 80 60 40 Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan 20 Irrigation 0 Hydropower Turkmenist Tajikistan an Population growth, food security, Planned hydropower facilities in environmental requirements, climate Tajikistan & Kyrgyzstan: Rogun on Vaksh change Dashtidjumn on Pyandzh Kambarata I & II on the Naryn

Principles of ICWC activities • ICWC was established in 1992 to manage Amudarya and Syrdarya rivers in a coordinated way. • ICWC members meet four time per year and reach all water management decisions by consensus. • ICWC has executive bodies to implement and control implementation of its decisions • Water is allocated according to rules and principles agreed in the Soviet time that were validated in 1992 Almaty Agreement • Countries agreed to “ refrain from actions on their respective territories that might affect interests of other contracting parties and cause harm to them, lead to deviation from agreed volumes of water discharges and pollution of water sources ” .

Achievements • System of annual planning and operation • Water allocation & daily operational management helped to avoid conflicts, even in extreme low & high water years • Regional information system & portal: more than 4000 persons per day (cawater-info.net) • Regional training system (assistance from CIDA, McGil University, UNESCO- IHE, World Bank, the Moscow State University) towards e-learning • Average water delivery for irrigation reduced from 14,0 ths m3/ha in 1990 to 10,3 ths m3/ha in 2013 • Implementation of IWRM on the area more 0.5 mln ha, most part in Uzbekistan • Automation of head water facilities

Fergana Valley

Achievements in the region RESULTS OF 3 250 mln.m PRODUCTIVITY WATER SAVING IWRM FERGHANA OF LANDS IN CREASED PER YEAR ON 116-127% 7000 PERSONS TRAINING LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING MORE THAN 15 THOUSAND PERSONS

NWO EECCA - www.eecca-water.net

CAWater-Info www cawater-info.net

Transboundary water cooperation of Russian Federation

Review of current Russian agreements 1. Estonia 2. Finland • Norway 1. Ukraine 2. Belarus 3. Abkhazia 4. Azerbaijan 5. Kazakhstan 6. China 7. Mongolia 8. DPRK 19

Russian-Kazakhstan transboundary water cooperation  Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the Russian Federation on joint use and protection of transboundary water bodies signed at September 2010 • Rivers Ural, Tobol, Irtysh, Ishim, Volga, Bolshoi and Maly Uzen  Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the conservation of the ecosystem of the transboundary Ural River (October 5, 2016, Astana)

Russian-Kazakhstan transboundary water cooperation Russian-Kazakhstan commission for the joint use and protection of transboundary water bodies Working groups Bolshoi river Ural Tobol Irtysh Ishim and Maly channel Uzen Kigach (Volga)

Last events  IX (XXVII) meeting of the Joint Russian- Kazakhstan Commission on the joint use and protection of transboundary water bodies (Atyrau, Republic of Kazakhstan; September 25-27, 2019)  Working groups: • 2018 – Irtysh : March 13-16 (Pavlodar, RK) July 17 - 19 (Omsk, RF) Tobol : March 14 -16 (Kostanay, RK) July 03 - 05 (Chelyabinsk, RF) Ishim : June 21 (Tyumen, RF) • 2019 - Irtysh : April (Pavlodar, RK) August 13-15 (Omsk, RF) Tobol : July 10-12 (Kurgan, RF) March (Kostanay, RK) Ishim : June 19 -21 (Borovoe, RK)

Russian-Chinese transboundary water cooperation Rivers Ob, Irtish, Amur, Argun, Ussury, Hanka lake etc.  Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the rational use and protection of transboundary waters (dated January 29, 2008) The agreement provides: • development of joint schemes (plans) for the use and protection of transboundary waters • development of common standards and indicators for the quality of transboundary waters, monitoring programs for transboundary waters • development of plans for the prevention of emergency situations on transboundary waters, response to them and liquidation, or mitigation of their consequences • information exchange within the framework of agreed substantive, quantitative and temporal parameters • creation of warning systems and the exchange of necessary information on the prevention of emergencies on transboundary waters and ensuring their effective functioning • Creation of working groups on cross-border cooperation

Russian-Chinese transboundary water cooperation Joint Russian-Chinese Commission on the Rational Use and Protection of Transboundary Waters Working groups Monitoring the quality of Integrated water transboundary waters resources management and their protection

Challenges  Construction of hydraulic structures, changing river beds  problems of fixing the borders of states  Change of water resources in large river basins  Water pollution  Water allocation problems  Joint monitoring and information sharing  Technological equipment of laboratories  Lack of a compatible measurement methodology

Russian-Mongolian transboundary water cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia on the protection and use of transboundary waters (Ulan Bator, February 1995) The XV Meeting of the Commissioners of the Government of the Russian Federation and the Government of Mongolia on the implementation of the Agreement on the protection and use of transboundary waters (August 6 to 7, 2019; Yekaterinburg, Russia)

Last event Agenda : - climate change and the impact on the water security of our countries - exchange of relevant information on the water management situation in the basins of the transboundary rivers Selenga and Onon - discussion of the quality of transboundary waters and the implementation of water protection measures - innovation in the water monitoring

Challenges The Selenga basin > 30% of the annual water supply to Lake Baikal The annual electricity generation 117 mln - 870 mln kWh Shuren HPS (245 MW) Aegiyn-gol HPS (315 MW) Orkhon HPS (100 MW) ) “ Charge ” HPS (25 MW)