Improved Performance of Existing Technologies 1
Improved Performance • Pinholes of 1 mm (0.04 in.) and less in diameter • Preferential girth weld corrosion • The detailed structure of defect groups, such as complex corrosion, top-of-line corrosion (TOLC), pinholes in general corrosion, pinhole colonies, microbially- induced corrosion (MIC) 2 http://www.rosen-group.com/global/solutions/services/service/rocorr-mfla-a-ultra-service.html
Improved Performance • AutoData TM • Deploys machine-learning, adaptive algorithms that are calibrated using high-resolution 3D laser scans of real pipe defects. This means that the evaluation algorithms continuously evolve during their application and therefore constantly improve the quality of their results, leading to a significant increase in defect sizing accuracy. • Large amounts of data are processed automatically within seconds, leading to a significant increase in integrity assessment accuracy. 3 http://www.rosen-group.com/global/solutions/services/service/rocorr-mfla-a-ultra-service.html
Combining Technologies to Improve Performance • Combining EMAT with Circumferential MFL 4
Combining Technologies to Improve Performance • 16” x 38 mi.: hook cracks, cold welds, but also stitching, penetrators, trim tool defects, etc. S. Moran and M Kirkwood, Investigating 16-in EMAT tool performance for a low-frequency ERW seam inspection , 5 Pipeline Pigging and Integrity Management Conference, Houston, March 2017
ATEX • The ATEX directive consists of two EU directives describing what equipment and work environment is allowed in an environment with an explosive atmosphere. ATEX derives its name from the French title of the 94/9/EC directive: Appareils destinés à être utilisés en ATmosphères EXplosibles. • Directive 2014/34/EU – new ATEX directive • Increasingly required for ILI tools worldwide 6 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014L0034&from=EN
New Developments and Operators’ Needs What is worth pursuing? • Sensitivity • Accuracy • Reliability • Ease of operation • Specific defect types • Combination of defect types • Operational challenges/convenience • Affordability (price) • What else? 7
3.5 Integrity Assessment of Unpiggable Pipelines
What is a Challenging Pipeline? • Pipeline which can not readily be pigged • Unpiggable, difficult to pig • Reasons for being challenging – Design parameters – Operational parameters – Limited understanding (?) • Can they be made piggable? – Priority – Budgetary constraints 9
Causes of Unpiggability • Internal bore – Multi diameter – Small diameters with tight bends – Valve design and size – Wall thickness • Pipeline materials – Steel type – Weld type – Coatings • Bends and connections – Tight (short radius) bends, back-to-back – Mitre bends – Unbarred tees – Y connections 10
Causes of Unpiggability Continued • Construction information not available • Operating conditions – Fluid characteristics – Pressure, temperature – Low or no flow – Cleanliness of pipe – Disposal of added fluids (water) • Access – No launchers and receivers – Plug valves, dead ends, offtakes • Installations – With obstructions 11
Examples of Unpiggable Lines • Loading lines • Off-plot pipelines • Gas distribution pipelines • Upstream lines • Piping associated with platforms • On-plot piping/pipelines • Tank farm connection lines • Connection piping in refineries • Furnace piping (180°, 1D bends) 12
Unpiggable Installations 13 Source: ROSEN at CLARION Unpiggable Pipelines Solutions Forum 2011
Considerations • Pipe modifications – Feasibility – Cost • Inspection coverage – Quality – Reliability • Level of risk and safety 14
Considerations Continued • Need/convenience of repeated inspections – Cost of modifications vs. increased cost of specially designed ILI tools to overcome pigabbility restrictions – Convenience of using readily available ILI solutions • Timeline/urgency – Modifications – Potential ILI tool development 15
Solutions for Unpiggable Lines • ILI solutions that overcome restrictions – Free swimming • Uni-directional • Bi-directional – Tethered • Cable for control and real-time data acquisition • Cable for pulling • Propelled by flow • Self propelled – Robotic 16
Planning for Unpiggable ILI • Standard ILI – Fast preparation and execution • ILI of challenging lines – Emphasis on strategy and tool development and pipeline preparation • Cleaning probably also challenging – Case specific 17 Source: ROSEN
Cleanliness and Cleaning • Requirement for inspection • Restrictions for ILI might impede cleaning as well • Case specific – Type of debris – Restrictions/configuration – Launching/receiving traps – dead ends – Disposal – Choice of cleaning type restricted as a result 18
Tools for Challenging Pipelines Tools readily available for some sections previously considered unpiggable • Low (high) pressure e.g. 1/3 lower ROSEN • Multi-diameter e.g 36”/48” • Bidirectional (Bi-Di) e.g. no receivers • Tight bend capability NDT-Global e.g. 1 D • Short tools short launchers/receivers ROSEN 19
Low Flow and Pressure • Low Flow / Low Pressure (LFLP) tool • 1/3 of pressure required 20 Source: ROSEN at CLARION Unpiggable Pipelines Solutions Forum 2011
Multi Diameter Lines • Multi-diameter pipeline inspection 21 Source: ROSEN at CLARION Unpiggable Pipelines Solutions Forum 2011
Multi Diameter Lines • Multidiameter pipeline inspection 22 GE PII: SmartScan
Non-Standard Pipeline Configurations • No receivers – tool cannot be retrieved • Bidirectional Bi-Di tools 23 Source: ROSEN
Launching Short One-body Bi-Di Tool • Ball valve for launching cleaning pig, but also short ILI tools 24 Source: ROSEN
Bi-Di Tools • 16”, 20”, 30” lines • Start onshore, end with a manifold – 3 lines, ends connected to form a loop cleaning and inspection in sea water. • Traps and pump manifolds installed • Subsea antennas for tracking (including cleaning pigs) 25 Source: 3P Services at CLARION Unpiggable Pipelines Solutions Forum 2011
Challenging Sections - ILI 26 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8qozxUjbt0 Tesoro Hawaii
Tight Bend Radii • Effects of bend radii on maximum tool length in 90° bends • Sensor coverage and resolution in changing pipe diameters • Back-to-back bends: challenge for pull module • Mitre bends add loads to detection unit • Unbarred tees in multi diameter lines: challenge to geometry tool sensor arms • Low pressure: friction, speed stability, speed of diameter adaptation, to minimize stoppage in ID reductions 27
ILI for Challenging Lines • Tool design specific for the sections • Testing with restrictions before runs 28
Tethered Tools • Propulsion of tools • Control of operation and monitoring • Using specific NDT technology Control unit Winch + cable PipeScan crawler 29 Source: AGR
Tethered Tools • Winch operated tools • Number of bends in section Cable and Inspection- wheel container Temporary launcher with stuffing box 30 Source: AGR
Technologies on Tethered Tools • MFL, liquid coupled UT, EMAT • RFEC (Remote Field Eddy Current) • Video • Laser mapping • EMIT (Electromagnetic Impedance Technology) 31 Rausch Video L150 Source: SwRI at CLARION Unpiggable Pipelines Solutions Forum 2011
Tethered Tools • UT tethered tools: on-line monitoring and control 32 A-Hak Piglet, Source: CLARION Unpiggable Pipelines Solutions Forum 2011
Tethered Tools Type of inspection not possible with free swimming tools • KTN AS • Tethered, multi-technology solutions • 32” x 8 km, Bi -Di gas line • UT inspection in water • Glycol to pick up water and drying • Simultaneous corrosion and weld inspection 33 Source: CLARION Unpiggable Pipelines Solutions Forum 2011
Tethered ILI • Weld inspections 34 Source: AGR at CLARION Unpiggable Pipelines Solutions Forum 2011
Tethered ILI • Sealing off the entry point 35 Source: AGR at CLARION Unpiggable Pipelines Solutions Forum 2011
Tethered ILI 36 https://www.bakerhughes.com/news-and-media/resources/videos/33405-v-line-mfl-web-1
Robotic In-Line Inspection • Challenges – Vertical sections – 90° bends – Bore changes (transitions ) – Manifolds with multiple offtakes – Unbarred tees, couplings – Back-to-back bends with elevation changes pipetel – Mitred bends, back-to-back elbows – Valves, plug valves – Vertical sections – No launchers/receivers • Robotic platform – Self-propelled – Bi-directional – Entering 90° off-takes (hot taps) Diakont – High product by-pass – Wireless/tethered on-line control – Launching/receiving through hot taps – Launched, operated and retrieved under live conditions, no impact to gas service 37
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