IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA
What is Imperialism? • A nation would experience industrialization prior to practicing imperialism on a foreign nation or region • This was due to the nearly insatiable (always needing) demand for cheap raw materials and the need for markets to buy manufactured (finished) goods
AMERICA CLAIMS AN EMPIRE SAFARI Montage
IMPERIALISM AND AMERICA • Throughout the 19 th century, America expanded control of the continent to the Pacific Ocean • By 1880, many American leaders felt the U.S. should join European nations and establish colonies overseas • Thus began America’s jump into Imperialism – the policy in which stronger industrialized nations take control over weaker nations
Imperialist Argument • Goal to get colonies for raw materials and markets • Establish a strong presence in Asia and Latin America Anti-Imperialist Argument • Violates right to independence and self- government of countries • Too costly • Some Americans did not want more non- Europeans in the U.S.
WHY IMPERIALISM?
“We are raising more than we can consume…. We are making more than we can use. Therefore, we must find new markets for our produce, new occupation for our capital, new work for our labor.” -- Senator Albert J. Beveridge (Indiana), 1899
Spa Spanish American nish American War War SAFARI Montage
THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR • America had long held an interest in Cuba • When Cubans unsuccessfully rebelled against Spanish rule in the late 19 th century, American sympathy went out to the Cuban people • After Spain abolished slavery in Cuba in 1886, Americans invested millions in Cuban sugar Cuba is just 90 miles south of Florida
CUBA’S SECOND WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE • Anti-Spain feelings in Cuba soon erupted into a second war for independence • Led by poet Jose Marti, Cuba attempted a revolution in 1895 • Marti deliberately destroyed property, including American sugar plants, hoping to provoke American intervention Marti
Explain or describe this cartoon
WAR FEVER ESCALATES • Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst ( New York Journal) and Joseph Pulitzer ( New York World ) exaggerated Spanish atrocities and brutality in Political cartoon: Pulitzer (left) and “Headline Wars” Hearst escalating and instigating war between the U.S. and Spain
What was Yellow Journalism? Exciting but untrue stories printed by a newspaper to attract more readers and sell more newspapers
USS MAINE EXPLODES • Early in 1898, President McKinley ordered the USS Maine to Cuba in order to bring home American citizens Before in danger • On February 15, 1898, the ship blew up in the harbor of Havana • More than 260 men were killed After
The Maine Explodes “Remember the Maine” Battle Cry Unknown artist , 1898 Notice the men flying dramatically through the air
Is this “Yellow Journalism”? Explain or describe this cartoon
WAR ERUPTS WITH SPAIN • There was no holding back those who wanted war with Spain • Newspapers blamed the Spanish for bombing the USS Maine (recent investigations have shown it was a fire inside the Maine) • “Remember the Maine !” became a rallying cry for U.S. intervention in Cuba
Causes or Reasons for War
1. Protection of American business or economic interests in Cuba
2. American support of Cuban rebels to gain independence from Spain
3. The sinking of the USS Maine in the Havana Harbor of Cuba, raising tensions between Spain and the U.S.
SO… under pressure from American public opinion, President William McKinley declared war on Spain in 1898
THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN • A naval blockade of Cuba was followed by a land invasion highlighted by Roosevelt’s Rough Rider victory at San Juan Hill
THE WAR IN CUBA • 17,000 troops were sent in wool with out-dated weapons • The “Rough Riders” took San Juan Hill outside Santiago – led by Teddy Roosevelt • They were a group of athletes, cowboys, miners, etc…
Theodore Roosevelt was the leader of a special army unit called the Rough Riders.
With the help of the 10 th Cavalry, they defeated Spanish troops at the battle of San Juan Hill.
The Spanish- American War was also fought in the Philippines…
THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES • U.S. forces surprised Spain by attacking the Spanish colony of the Philippines • 11,000 Americans joined forces with Filipino rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo
The United States attacked and destroyed Spain’s Pacific fleet in the Philippine Islands
What does this headline tell us?
THE WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES • By August 1898, Spain had surrendered to the U.S. in Manila
ACQUIRING NEW LANDS • The U.S had to decide how to rule the new lands • Puerto Rico wanted their independence – but the U.S. had other plans • Puerto Rico was important to the U.S. strategically • The U.S. set up a civil government, full citizenship, and a bicameral system
THE WAR IN THE CARIBBEAN • The American Navy destroyed the Spanish fleet and paved the way for an invasion of Puerto Rico (Spanish colony)
Now the U.S. controls the Pacific island of Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines NOTE: Puerto Rico & Guam remain territories of the U.S. today
U.S. WINS; SIGNS TREATY OF PARIS • The U.S. and Spain signed an armistice on August 12, 1898, ending what Secretary of State John Hay called “a splendid little war.” • The war lasted only 16 weeks and 500 died • Cuba was now independent • U.S. receives Guam, Puerto Rico, and “buys” the Philippines for $20 Treaty of Paris, 1898 million
CUBA AND THE UNITED STATES SAFARI Montage • The Treaty of Paris granted full independence to Cuba • The U.S signed an agreement with Cuba known as the Platt Amendment in 1903. • Key features of this amendment included the right of the U.S. to maintain naval stations on the island and the right to Today, the U.S. has a prison in Guantanamo intervene in Cuban affairs. Bay, Cuba.
FILIPINOS REBEL SAFARI Montage • Filipinos reacted with rage to the American annexation • Rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo vowed to fight for freedom and in 1899 he led a rebellion • The 3-year war claimed 20,000 Filipino rebels, 4,000 American lives and $400,000,000 (20x the price the U.S. paid for the land) U.S. troops fire on rebels
The United States was now seen as a world power.
Remember SAW Causes – U.S. SAW Cuba needed help – U.S. SAW the Maine explode – U.S. SAW Yellow Journalism – U.S. SAW business interests needed protecting Effects/Results – U.S. SAW Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines become theirs – U.S. SAW Cuba independent – U.S. SAW World Power
The Results U.S. Intervenes
AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER- Foreign policies • Two events signaled America’s continued climb toward being the #1 world power • 1) Roosevelt negotiated a settlement between Russia and Japan who had been at war – his successful efforts in negotiating the The Nobel Treaty of Portsmouth won Peace Prize is awarded Roosevelt the 1906 Nobel annually Peace Prize • 2) Construction of Panama Canal
Economic interests and public opinion often influenced U.S. involvement in international affairs.
“Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick” SAFARI Montage Panama Canal • Begun by French in 1880s • U.S. purchased the project for $40 million from the bankrupt French canal company – gaining access to a six mile wide canal zone
THE PANAMA CANAL Big Stick at Work • By the early 20 th century, many Americans understood the advantages of a canal through Panama. • It would greatly reduce travel times for commercial and military ships by providing a short cut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. “The shortcut”
BUILDING THE PANAMA CANAL 1904-1914 • The French had already unsuccessfully attempted to build a canal through Panama • America first had to help Panama win their independence from Colombia – which it did in 2 days • Construction of the Canal stands as one of the greatest Cost – $380 million Workers – Over 40,000 (5,600 died) engineering feats of Time – Construction took 10 years all-time
How the Locks work video
This view, provided by NASA, shows the thin blue line (canal) cutting across the middle of Panama.
Almost 1,000,000 ships have passed through the canal, which became sole property of Panama in the year 2000.
ROOSEVELT ADDS TO MONROE DOCTRINE Monroe Doctrine Roosevelt Corollary: We • Europe stay out of our backyard acted as police “the America’s” and we will stay out of yours “Europe”
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