Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems Impact of Water on Sustainability: Nexus to the Economy, Energy and Environment Mark A. Shannon Director WaterCAMPWS Mechanical Science and Engineering University of Illinois
What is the WaterCAMPWS? What is the WaterCAMPWS? � Center of Advanced Materials for the Purification of Water with Systems � Science and Technology Center Awarded late 2002, $4 m/yr from NSF, $400k Illinois � 9 universities, 6 partners, 12 industrial affiliates, ~120 students, ~50 faculty PPG Pentair Siemens AMT Cargill Michigan ITT Berkeley / MIT Berkeley / MAST MWRDGC Notre Notre MWRDGC TEDD ERC TEDD ERC Yale Yale Culligan I/UCRC Dame Dame Clorox / Brita Praxair Sandia Sandia UIUC UOP UIUC Howard Livermore Howard Livermore EPA EPA DSWA Rose Hulman Rose Hulman NRMRL NRMRL UCLA SWS ERC Sandia Sandia Clark Atlanta Albuquerque Clark Atlanta Albuquerque Porex Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Mission and Purpose of the Mission and Purpose of the WaterCAMPWS WaterCAMPWS Our mission is to develop revolutionary new materials and systems to purify water for human use . Our purpose is to educate a diverse body of students and the public in the value, science, and technology of water purification. My purpose today is to talk about the problems to sustainably supply water for human needs, and the vital role that people from all walks of life, can do to help solve these problems. Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Value of Water Value of Water � Low Cost: Cheapest, highest quality product produced � Impact Huge: Energy, agriculture, livestock, industry, homes, health � Affects EVERY Aspect of Economy: More water, lower cost, more wealth � Traditional Concerns: Safety and health HARD TO OVERESTIMATE IMPORTANCE, BUT TAKEN FOR GRANTED BY MOST IN U.S. Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Where is our Water? Where is our Water? Total World Water: Total World Water: 332,500,000 mi 3 332,500,000 mi 3 Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Where is our Water? Where is our Water? Currently Accessible for Human Use 30% shortfall in 30 yrs Atmosphere Lakes Atmosphere Biological Lakes Biological Rivers Ice Caps, Saline Lakes Ice Caps, Rivers Saline Lakes .001% .007% .001% .0001% .007% .0001% .0002% Glaciers, & .006% Glaciers, & .0002% .006% 3,095 mi 3 21,830 mi 3 3,095 mi 3 269 mi 3 21,830 mi 3 269 mi 3 20,490 mi 3 509 mi 3 Perm. Snow Perm. Snow 20,490 mi 3 509 mi 3 (.04% Fresh) (.26% fresh) (.04% Fresh) (.0036% Fresh) (.26% fresh) (.0036% Fresh) (.006 Fresh) 1.74% 1.74% (.006 Fresh) 5,773,000 mi 3 5,773,000 mi 3 (68.7% fresh) (68.7% fresh) Saline Saline Groundwater Groundwater Groundwater Groundwater .76% .76% .94% Soil Moisture .94% Swamps Soil Moisture Swamps 2,526,000 mi 3 2,526,000 mi 3 3,088,000 mi 3 .001% 3,088,000 mi 3 .0008% .001% .0008% (30.1% fresh) (30.1% fresh) 3,959 mi 3 2752 mi 3 3,959 mi 3 2752 mi 3 Ground Ice (.05% Fresh) Ground Ice (.03% fresh) (.05% Fresh) (.03% fresh) & Permafrost & Permafrost Accessible .022% .022% With 71,970 mi 3 71,970 mi 3 (.86% Fresh) 99.23% (.86% Fresh) Additional Research currently unusable Oceans, Seas, Oceans, Seas, & Bays & Bays for most 96.5% 96.5% 321 million mi 3 321 million mi 3 humans Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Major Problems Facing World Major Problems Facing World � 1.2 Billion people at risk from lack of clean water � 2.6 Billion people lack adequate sanitation � It is only going to get worse World Map showing affect of population and climate World Map showing water consumption world-wide as change on water stress. percentage of total available water. Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Major Problems Facing World Major Problems Facing World � 35% of people in developing world die from water related problems, over 2 million/year � Diarrheal diseases from bad water a leading cause of malnutrition and food pressures � 27 children die every 10 minutes from water problems � 30 plus million in Bengal suffer from arsenic poisoning Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Mega-Trends Making it Worse Mega-Trends Making it Worse � Era of Infrastructure Replacement: $550/capita owed in U.S. � Population Growth: >1% per year drives increase demand in water, food, and energy � Energy Growth: Largest withdrawal of water for mining, refining, and generation of electricity � Contamination of Source Waters: Increasing and cross- contamination of surface and aquifers is growing, reducing dilution solutions – more aggressive treatment and new facilities needed. � Snowpack storage and glacial melting: Major river systems will see periodic shortages during dry months (Brahmaputra, Ganges, Yellow, Yangtze, and Mekong Rivers that serve China, India, and Southeast Asia, Western U.S., Africa) Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Lakes, Rivers, Aquifers (Standard, Aluvial, and Lakes, Rivers, Aquifers (Standard, Aluvial, and Glacial ) → Watersheds Glacial ) → Watersheds Rivers and Lakes > 60% near max utilization Standard Aquifers > 20% and growing Aluvial and Glacial ~ 10% but not replenishable Reservoirs Increase storage, but increase losses U.S. Department of the Interior http://www.nationalatlas.gov � water is local to the water is local to the watersheds, but they watersheds, but they are interconnected are interconnected Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Aquifers - Currently Stressed (Red) and Aquifers - Currently Stressed (Red) and Impacted (Yellow) by Over-Pumping Impacted (Yellow) by Over-Pumping significant loss to significant loss to “fossil fossil” ” aquifers, aquifers, “ south, southwest, and heartland south, southwest, and heartland Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
EPA Critical Drinking Water EPA Critical Drinking Water Contaminants and Salts in Surface and Contaminants and Salts in Surface and Groundwaters Groundwaters Water Treatment: Repeated treatments increases salting and purification costs salting from pumping and surface runoff: Mexico issues Micrograms per Liter 0.001 - 0.010 0.010 - 0.020 0.020 - 0.080 0.080 - 200+ contaminates contaminates growing in amounts, growing in amounts, types, and population types, and population Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Volume of Water Withdrawn for Volume of Water Withdrawn for All Uses All Uses (Million Gallons per Day) Public and Self-supplied Potable Water Irrigation-Livestock 40,738.5 139,189.7 12% 41% Industrial- Mining 27,159.0 8% costs Total Water Withdrawn per day directly 339,487 million Gallons related to withdrawals: Total Water Consumed per Year source Thermoelectric Power 123.9 Trillion Gallons 132,400.0 matters 39% “Consumptive Water Use for U.S. Power Production, P. Torcellini, et.al., National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2003. Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Volume of Water Consumed Volume of Water Consumed (Million Gallons per Day) Total Water Consumed per day Industrial-Mining Public and Self-supplied 100,320 million Gallons Potable Water 8,042.2 4,012.1 8% 4% Total Water Consumed per Year Thermoelectric 36.6 Trillion Gallons Power 3,310 3% ~30% of withdrawn consumption directly affects source amounts Irrigation-Livestock available 84,956 85% “Consumptive Water Use for U.S. Power Production, P. Torcellini, et.al., National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2003. Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Projections Projections � Population driven � Application driven � Source driven Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Population 2000 Population 2000 Population Data form US Census Bureau Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Population 2030 Population 2030 Population Data form US Census Bureau Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
Water Use Growth With Population Water Use Growth With Population Increase in Million Acre Feet (325,500 gal) of Water Withdrawn 500 population (millions) (1% growth) 450 conservation (4% yearly decline) same use as now 400 projected (4% yearly increase) 350 300 62% Growth rate in withdrawals assumed 250 to be ~60% of population growth 200 after 15% elasticity, but it 43% “compounds” with time. 150 Consumption likely proportional 29% 100 to population growth. 50 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Year Population Data form US Census Bureau Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
2030 Projected Increase in % of Use 2030 Projected Increase in % of Use Since 2000 Since 2000 Averages don’ ’t tell the real story: t tell the real story: Averages don Growth problems will be local. Growth problems will be local. % Increase 0-25 25-50 51-100 101-300 301-1000 Population data and projections from U.S. Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/stproj.html http://www.census.gov/popest/datasets.html Water Use Data from USGS (http://web1.er.usgs.gov/NAWQAMapTheme/index.jsp) Projections for water use based on Texas Water Use 60 yr projections (http://www.twdb.state.tx.us/publications/reports/State_Water_Plan/2007/2007StateWa terPlan/2007StateWaterPlan.htm) Mark A. Shannon http://watercampws.uiuc.edu
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