2000 Third Annual I nternational Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies Boulder, CO, 08 September 2000 I nterplanetary I nternet Adrian J. Hooke Jet Propulsion Laboratory Calif ornia I nstitute of Technology
Consultative Committee f or Space Data Systems (CCSDS) MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT ISO/TC20/SC13 Industry Associates COUNCIL COUNCIL Liaisons Secretariat Technical Steering Group PA AN NE EL L 1 1 PA AN NE EL L 2 2 PA AN NE EL L 3 3 P P P INFORMATION CROSS SPACE SUPPORT INTERCHANGE COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSES OPERATIONS Observer Agencies Member Agencies ASI/Italy ESA/Europe ASA/Austria CTA/Brazil IKI/Russia NOAA/USA CAST/China DSRI/Denmark ISAS/Japan NSPO/Taipei BNSC/UK INPE/Brazil CRC/Canada EUMETSAT/Europe ISRO/India SSC/Sweden CNES/France NASA/USA CRL/Japan EUTELSAT/Europe KARI/Korea TsNIIMash/Russia CSA/Canada NASDA/Japan CSIR/South Africa FSST&CA/Belgium KFKI/Hungary USGS/USA DLR/Germany RSA/Russia CSIRO/Australia HNSC/Greece MOC/Israel
CCSDS Panel Work CCSD S P ane l 1 End- to- End Protocols Space Link Protocols Space Link Data Description Extension Protocols & Archiving I ntranet I nternet CCSD S P ane l 2 CCSD S P ane l 3
Current CCSDS Space/ Ground Communications Protocol Stack Store I nt eract ive and Forward Application Space Internet CCSDS FTP FTP File Delivery Protocol (CFDP) Space Internet Transport TCP/UDP TCP/UDP P 1F Space Security Protocol Internet IPSec Network Space Packet Space Network Internet Protocol Protocol Protocol (IPv4, IPv6) TM Space Data AOS Space Data Proximity 1 Space TC Space Data Link Protocol Link Protocol Data Link Protocol Link Protocol Space Data Link Security Mechanisms Communications Link Link Operation P 1A ARQ Procedure 1 Synchronous Links Asynchronous Links Convolutional Reed-Solomon Turbo TLM Frame CLTU and P 1B BCH Coding Coding Coding Coding Sync. PLOPs P 1E Physical Radio Frequency and Modulation I nternet RFC CCSDS Recommendation Draf t CCSDS Recommendation CCSDS Report
10 COTS Spacecraf t 16 COTS Space Products 151 Missions 2 COTS Ground Networks 28 COTS Ground Products http://hope.gsfc.nasa.gov/ccsds/implementations/
1970 1980 1990 2000 NASA Telemetry Standardization “Packet” Spacecraft Telemetry and Telecommand NASA/ ESA Working Group Basic Space/ Ground Space Missions } Communications Standards f or Consultative Committee f or Space Data Systems (CCSDS) Extension of I nternational Space Station Space Missions } Standards f or More Complex Extension of the Terrestrial I nternet into Space Evolution of space standards NASA/ DOD Space Communications Protocol Standards (SCPS) Project I nterPlaNetary I nternet (I PN) Evolution of the terrestrial I nternet
Today’s I nt ernet : Hig h ra te fib e r b a c kb o ne Negligible delay Negligible errors Symmetric data channels Continuous connectivity Loss = Congestion
Tomorrow’s “Earthnet” Un te th e re d e d g e - m a rk e t ‘ p lu g - in s ’ to th e fib e r b a c k b o n e [s a te llite s , w ire le s s , m o b ile a d - h o c n e tw o rk s , e tc . ] m a y in tro d u c e : Significant delay & errors Power/bandwidth constraints Disjoint connectivity Corruption as source of loss Asymmetric channels
A Candidate Sharing of I ssues A Candidate Sharing of I ssues and Technologies and Technologies Moon Mars Earth • Generally high bandwidth-delay products Surf ace • Possible data loss due to bit-errors and/or Satellite, transient link outages to Orbit Wireless • Potentially asymmetric data rates Relay • Power constrained end systems • Episodic/disjoint connectivity Mobile/ • Networks may need to be self-organizing Surf ace Roving Operations applications • Channels often periodically unidirectional • Need for progressive/selectable reliability • Need for store-and-forward delivery Long • Ultra high bandwidth-delay product Haul to I nternet • typically >> transaction size Earth backbone • ‘Ping-pong of bursts’ replaces streaming
IP N l ever age FTP/TCP/IP Fiber Short-haul communications Satellites Terrestrial Cable I nternet Standards Mobile/Wireless Nomadic Self-organizing WDM Terabit communicat ions Similar Problems, low delay Megabit communicat ions Common Solutions Deep-space high delay Mars Optical Network Long-haul communications File-based Operations Space LEO I nternet Constellations Standards Ka-band X-band S-band
Thirty years down the road… . .
I PN Organizational Relationships Open Architecture Open Specif ications Open I mplementations Demonstrations Robert Rumeau - France Eric Travis - USA I PNRG U SC U CLA U D EL UM D Cal t ech I PN Architecture Core Team DARPA Projects I PNSI G Public NASA Projects
The Basic I PN Concept: Construct a “Network of I nternets” • Deploy standard internets in low latency remote environments (e.g., on other planets, on remote spacecraft) • Connect these distributed internets via an interplanetary backbone that handles the high latency deep space environment. • Create gateways and relays to interface between low and high latency environments
Deploy standard internets in low latency remote environments (e.g., on other planets) Connect distributed internets via an interplanetary backbone The Basic I PN Concept: Provide dialog across construct a a network of Internets “Network of I nternets”
I PN Technology Thrust Areas e a r t h . s o l i i i i I IG i i i I i IG I nter - I nt ernet I nterplanetary I IG i i Dialog and Nodes Gateways i i Security l u n a . s o l m a r s . s o l Deployed St able I nt ernet s Backbone i i I IG IG i IG i i i i I Wired Tetherless i
I PN Security I nter - I nternet Dialog I nterplanetary and Nodes Gateways Security Deployed Stable I nternets Backbone i i i i I Security of user data e a r t h . s o l flowing through the IPN IG i i i I i IG I IG i i i i l u n a . s o l m a r s . s o l Security of the IPN backbone i i I IG � access control to the IPN will be required because IG i space-based assets will have limited available resources. � authentication will be required to perform access controls. IG � data integrity will be required to assure that what was sent is received. i i i i � data privacy will be required to assure that unauthorized users cannot obtain information.
Deployed I nter - I nternet Dialog I nterplanetary and Nodes Gateways Security I n- Situ I nternets Deployed Stable I nternets Backbone Untethered Mobile Mass constrained Location-Location-Location Power-Power-Power
I nter - I nternet Dialog I nterplanetary and Nodes Gateways Security Deployed Stable I nternets Backbone What ’s a Backbone? � A set of high-capacity, high-availability links between network traffic hubs – Terrestrial backbone links are between hubs like Houston and Chicago. – Interplanetary backbone links are between hubs like Earth and Mars.
On the I nterplanetary Backbone: • Communications capacity is expensive – Bits count • Round Trips hurt – Interactive protocols don’t work • Internet protocol suite doesn’t scale well with increasing latency • Negotiation is impractical • Reliable in-order delivery takes too long • Protocols need to be connectionless • Congestion control and flow control are difficult • Reliance on forward coding versus retransmission for error recovery • Custodial store-and-forward data transfer is fundamental – “Chatty Telephony” gives way to “Bundled Mail” as the model of operations
Resulting Backbone Dif f erences Terrestrial Interplanetary Backbone Backbone “Bundling” TCP Transport Network IP IP, NP, None? CCSDS Link SONET Physical Optical fiber R/F or laser
I P: the “Thin Waist” of the Earth’s I nternet App App App App App App Transport Transport TCP TCP Network Network Network Network IP IP IP IP Link. 1 Link. 2 Link. 1 Link. 2 Link. 3 Link. 1 Phys. 1 Phys. 1 Phys. 2 Phys. 2 Phys. 3 Phys. 1 Sub-network Sub-network Sub-network Internet: a Network of Connected Sub-Networks
Bundles: A Store and Forward Overlay - the “Thin Waist” of the I nterplanetary I nternet Network of disconnected Internets spanning dissimilar environments Application Application Bundle Bundle Bundle Bundle Transport Transport Transport Transport Network Network Network Network Bundling supports end-to-end transfer across a “network of disconnected Internets” having heterogeneous network protocol stacks
Bundling: Design Principles I nter - I nternet Dialog I nterplanetary and Nodes Gateways Security Deployed Stable • Names are the means of reference I nternets Backbone – Names have two parts: a routing part (specifies the IPN region) and an administrative part (specifies the DNS name) – Routing between IPN regions based upon routing part of the name • Late-Binding – Separate addressing domains for each internet; administrative names converted to local addresses in destination IPN region • Indirection – Inherent dependence on intermediate relay agents • Custodial transfer – “Bundles” are the common end-to-end transfer mechanism
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