HPSG Analysis and Computational Implementation of Indonesian Passives Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore The 25th International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG 2018), The University of Tokyo, Komaba Campus 1 July 2018 Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) Indonesian Passives 1 July 2018 1 / 23 David Moeljadi and Francis Bond
Indonesian passives: Outline 1. Introduction 2. The data 3. Bound forms of pronouns 4. Analysis 5. Conclusion Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) Indonesian Passives 1 July 2018 2 / 23
Aim of this study and its limitations 2015) 1 July 2018 Indonesian Passives Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) interpreted by a computer, focusing on implementation rather than theory” of passive sentences in standard Indonesian, explicit enough to be “To analyze and develop a detailed model (rules) of syntax and semantics 3 / 23 Standard, formal Indonesian Ivan A Sag, 1994; Ivan A. Sag, Wasow, and Bender, 2003) computationally implementable Monotransitive only (ditransitive will not be discussed) et al., 2010) Passive type 1 (P1) and type 2 (P2) (Dardjowidjojo, 1978), (Sneddon ▶ Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) (Pollard and ▶ Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS) (Copestake et al., 2005) ▶ Indonesian Resource Grammar (INDRA) (Moeljadi, Bond, and Song,
Indonesian passives type 1 and type 2 substitutes, including proper nouns) 1 July 2018 Indonesian Passives Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) are non-topic (Song, 2017) counterpart are the same Semantics Two passive constructions: Dardjowidjojo, 1978 Sneddon et al., 2010 Syntax P1 and P2 are in (near) complementary distribution Passive Type 2 (P2) / Object preposing passive 2 Passive Type 1 (P1) / Canonical passive 1 Chung, 1976 Cole, Hermon, and Tjung, 2006 4 / 23 ▶ P1: 3 agents (both pronouns and nouns) ▶ P2: 1 and 2 agents or pronouns (including 3 agent, also pronoun ▶ P1 and P2 overlap with respect to 3 pronoun agent ▶ Word order: patient/undergoer in active → passive subject ▶ Semantically transitive clause ▶ The semantic roles of the arguments in active and its passive ▶ The promoted arguments are focus-or-topic , the demoted arguments
Passive Type 1 di- is prefjxed to the verb, phonologically and orthographically part of the verb, always immediately to its left NP agent auxiliaries and negation precede the passive di- verb Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) Indonesian Passives 1 July 2018 5 / 23 NP Theme/Patient + Neg/Aux + di- V + oleh + NP Agent ▶ third person pronoun, common noun, proper name ▶ follows the verb (post-verbal) ▶ demoted to adjunct, optional ▶ can be preceded by a semantically empty preposition oleh “by” ▶ with 3sg agent, the bound form -nya may occur
Passive type 1 by= 3sg pass -pick.up= 3sg d. Budi Budi sudah prf dijemput pass -pick.up olehnya. e. * Budi prf Budi sudah prf dijemput pass -pick.up aku/kamu/kami/kalian. 1sg / 2sg / 1pl.excl / 2pl Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) Indonesian Passives 1 July 2018 dijemputnya. sudah (1) Budi a. Budi Budi sudah prf dijemput. pass -pick.up “Budi has been picked up.” b. Budi sudah Budi prf dijemput pass -pick.up (oleh) by dia/mereka/istrinya/Adi. 3sg / 3pl /wife= 3sg /Adi “Budi has been picked up by him/them/his wife/Adi.” c. Budi 6 / 23
Passive type 1 with coordination pass -inject d. Budi Budi sudah prf dijemput pass -pick.up dan and disuntik (oleh) (2) by Adi. Adi “Budi has been picked up and injected by Adi.” e. f. Budi sudah dijemput oleh Adi dan disuntik Ani. Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) Indonesian Passives 1 July 2018 Ani Ani. and Adi a. Budi Budi sudah prf dijemput pass -pick.up (oleh) by Adi dan dan and Ani. Ani “Budi has been picked up by Adi and Ani.” b. * Budi Budi sudah prf dijemputnya pass -pick.up= 3sg 7 / 23 c. * Budi sudah dijemput olehnya dan Ani. Budi sudah dijemput dan disuntiknya.
Passive Type 2 intervene the NP agent and the bare verb 1 July 2018 Indonesian Passives Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) agent and the bare verb) auxiliaries and negation precede the agent (cannot come between the et al., 1998) “father”, ibu “mother”), personal names (Budi, David, ...) meaning “you” or “I” NP agent the verb appears in bare stem form 8 / 23 NP Theme/Patient + Neg/Aux + NP Agent + bare V ▶ all pronouns, ‘pronoun substitute’ (kinship terms such as bapak ▶ precedes the verb (pre-verbal) ▶ not demoted to adjunct, obligatory, an argument (Arka, Manning, ▶ cannot be preceded by any prepositions such as oleh “by”, nothing can ▶ with 1sg and 2sg agents, the bound form ku- and kau- may occur
Passive type 2 1sg -pick.up Adi jemput. pick.up “Budi has been picked up by me/you (Adi).” d. Budi Budi sudah prf kujemput. “Budi has been picked up by me.” prf e. Budi Budi sudah prf kaujemput. 2sg -pick.up Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) Indonesian Passives 1 July 2018 Adi sudah (3) b. a. Budi Budi sudah prf dia/mereka/aku/kamu/kami/kalian 3sg / 3pl / 1sg / 2sg / 1pl.excl / 2pl jemput. pick.up “Budi has been picked up by him/them/me/you/us.” Budi Budi Budi sudah prf bapak father jemput. pick.up “Budi has been picked up by me/you (father/old man).” c. Budi 9 / 23
Passive type 2 with coordination It is impossible to coordinate two pronouns as actors or two verbs with a 1 July 2018 Indonesian Passives Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) “Budi has been waited by me and picked up by you.” e. Budi sudah kutunggu dan kujemput. d. “Budi has been waited and picked up by him.” “Budi has been picked up by us and them.” pick.up jemput. 3pl mereka and dan 1pl.excl kami prf sudah Budi a. ? Budi (4) single actor (Musgrave 2001) 10 / 23 b. ? Budi sudah dia tunggu dan jemput. c. ?? Budi sudah kutunggu dan jemput. Budi sudah kutunggu dan kaujemput.
Bound forms ku- , kau- , -nya Clitics vs infmectional affjxes (Zwicky & Pullum 1983) (Zwicky and Pullum, 1 July 2018 Indonesian Passives Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) NP coordination rule: cannot take bound forms -nya , ku- , kau- syntactic ku- and kau- 11 / 23 -nya ku- “ 1sg ” and kau- “ 2sg ” are infmectional affjxes, -nya “ 3sg ” is a clitic as a unit, while words with infmectional affjxes are treated as units no syntactic operations exist which treat a word combined with clitics the infmectional affjxes are quite specifjc in their selections of stems clitics can attach to words of any category (or part-of-speech), while 1983) ▶ treated as a word (tokenized) ▶ treated as prefjxes (not tokenized) ▶ the relationship of the agent and the verb is morphological rather than
Passive as an infmectional rule icons-key , ... output (di-/ku-/kau-)X , word ( passive-transitive-lex-item ) arg-st index 1 icons-key 3 (5) , index 2 4 arg-st lkeys . keyrel arg1 2 arg2 1 icons ! 3 focus-or-topic non-topic ! Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) Indonesian Passives 1 July 2018 ... 12 / 23 lexeme ( tr-verb-lex ) input , X ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ [ ] [ ] ⟨ [ ] [ ] ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ [ ] ⟨ [ ] [ ] ⟩ , 4 iarg2 1 iarg2 2
Indonesian passive lexical rules passive rules 1 July 2018 Indonesian Passives Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) arg1.pernum 2sg adds prefjx kau- pas-two-prefjx-kau arg1.pernum 1sg adds prefjx ku- pas-two-prefjx-ku pas-two-with-prefjx val.comps.opt - adds no affjxes pas-two-no-prefjx P2 + oleh - oleh val.comps.opt + adds prefjx di- pas-one-prefjx P1 13 / 23 val.comps < >
(1) P1 without oleh (7) spr comps (6) head pass1agent posthead + val spr comps pass1agent head subj-noun dependent-noun propername commonnoun pron-3pers encl-3pers Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) Indonesian Passives 1 July 2018 val 14 / 23 arg-st 1 head pass1 val . comps ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩ , 1 ⟨ ⟩ ⟨ ⟩
(1) P1 without oleh (tree and DMRS) pronoun_n dijemput nya_enclitic -nya (9) named (Budi) proper_q _jemput_v pronoun_q pas-one-prefjx TOP RSTR/H ARG2/NEQ ARG1/NEQ RSTR/H Moeljadi&Bond (LMS, NTU) Indonesian Passives 1 July 2018 jemput head-comp (8) V S NP Budi VP V sudah VP V sudah dijemput NP -nya subj-head Budi Budi head-comp sudah 15 / 23
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