How to get regulation right? Balancing growth, risk, and equity - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

CEPR “10 Years After the Crisis” How to get regulation right? Balancing growth, risk, and equity Catherine L. Mann OECD Chief Economist 22 September 2017 London

OECD resilience framework: Potential trade-offs between growth and risk and, how do growth and risk interact with equity? Tail risk = the risk of an extreme negative growth shock Extreme negative growth 0 i.e. max GDP loss with 95% prob. GDP-at-Risk = quantile of the GDP growth distribution 2

Financial regulation typically presents a trade-off between growth and risk Growth benefits from Macro-prudential financial market policies can reduce liberalisation offset fragility, but may also by higher crisis risk lower growth Note: The X axis plots the effect on fragility; Fragility is defined as higher likelihood of financial crises (polices with red outline) or a higher GDP (negative) tail risk. Three types of financial crises are considered: Currency, banking and twin crises. Tail risk is defined as the effect on the bottom 10% of the distribution for 3 quarterly GDP growth. For each policy, the Y axis plots the average (overall) growth effect. Source: Authors’ calculation based on Caldera Sánchez and Gori and by Caldera Sánchez and Röhn.

Too much, or the wrong kind of finance: Negatively associated with growth and inequality Increase in Gini coefficients due to higher Growth impact of higher credit credit For 10% of GDP increase in credit or stock market capitalization, in percentage points For 10% of GDP increase , Gini impact in percentage points 0.35 0.35 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.25 0.25 0 0 -0.2 -0.2 0.15 0.15 -0.4 -0.4 -0.6 -0.6 0.05 0.05 -0.8 -0.8 -1 -1 All bank credit Household Deposit money Bond (and Stockmarket -0.05 -0.05 to the non- credit bank credit other non- capitalisation Bank credit Stockmarket financial bank) credit private sector capitalisation Note: The error bars show 90% confidence intervals. Source: Cournède and Denk (2015), “Finance and Economic Growth in OECD and G20 countries”. 4

Bank credit: A suspect in raising economic insecurity Change in labour earnings growth at different percentiles of the earnings growth distribution In percentage points 3 3 Bank credit Bonds and other non-bank credit 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3 -4 -4 -5 -5 P1 P10 P20 P30 P40 P50 P60 P70 P80 P90 P99 Source: OECD estimations using harmonised household survey data from 29 countries 5

How is finance and regulation failing to support strong, inclusive, resilient growth? Implicit subsidies to TBTF institutions Wage premium in finance Lack of credit for dynamic firms Bank forbearance and zombies 6

Too-Big-to-Fail Implicit Subsidies: More negatively associated with growth Implicit bank debt guarantees influence the relationship between bank credit and GDP growth Percentage point change in real GDP per capita growth associated with an increase in bank credit by 10% of GDP 0.1 0.1 0 0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4 Countries where bank creditors Other countries have been shielded from losses Note: The figure shows econometric estimates of the association of an increase in bank credit with GDP growth, controlling for a wide range of factors. The point estimates are surrounded by 90% confidence intervals. Source: Schich, Cournède and Denk (2015), “Finance and Economic Growth in OECD and G20 countries” . 7

Large wage premium in finance: Adds to inequality Estimated financial-sector wage premium across the income distribution, European countries, %, 2010 Note: Dotted lines show 90% confidence intervals. Source: Denk (2015), “Financial Sector Pay and Labour Income Inequality: Evidence from Europe 8

Declining small growing company listings: Part of decline in business dynamism Smaller growth company listings (IPOs) in advanced economies No. issues USD, billion United States Advanced Europe Japan Number of issues 35 900 800 30 700 25 600 20 500 400 15 300 10 200 5 100 0 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Source: OECD Business and Finance Scoreboard 2017 9

Zombie firms: Associated with weak banks Bank health composite index Average zombie firm share for each category of bank health The Less healthy Note: Panel A shows the average level of bank health across 11 European countries (Austria, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Latvia, Portugal, Slovenia Spain and the United Kingdom), weighted by the number of firms for which a bank is considered to be their main bank. Bank health is given by the first principal component (i.e. the one associated with the largest eigenvalue) from a principal component analysis of seven core balance sheet and financial statement variables of banks. Panel B shows the average zombie firm share for each bin of bank health, purged of country-industry- fixed effects. The relationship is statistically significant at the 1% level and is based on over 1.5 million firm-bank observations for 11 European countries over the period 2001-2014. Source: Andrews, D. and F. Petroulakis (2017), “Breaking the Shackles: Zombie Firms, Weak Banks and Depressed Restructuring in Europe”, OECD 10 Economics Department Working Papers, forthcoming.

Zombies capture capital, reduce dynamism: Turnaround positively associated with productivity Capital sunk in zombie firms Productivity gains from reducing zombie capital Share of total capital stock, 2013 Gains to aggregate multi-factor productivity Note: Firms aged 10 years or more and with profits not covering interest payments over three consecutive years. The sample excludes firms that are larger than 100 times the 99th percentile of the size distribution in terms of capital stock or number of employees. RHS: Counterfactual gains to aggregate MFP from reducing zombie capital shares to industry best practice level. 11 Source: LHS: Adalet McGowan, Andrews and Millot (2017), “The Walking Dead? Zombie Firms and Productivity Performance in OECD Countries”, OECD Economics Department working paper; and OECD calculations.

How to Get Regulation Right Need to balance growth, risk and minimise trade-offs • Post-crisis overhaul of regulation has focussed mostly on risk • Other policies matter too A well-developed and healthy financial system is needed • Reduce debt subsidies • Clean up remaining banking problems • Europe needs to achieve overhaul of bank business model Challenge: how to make finance more inclusive 12

Resources: blogs, ppt, video, research Economic Resilience Finance and Inclusive Growth Global Forum on Productivity The Research teams: Boris Cournède, Alain de Serres, Guiseppe Nicoletti, Peter Hoeller, Oliver Denk, Aida Caldera Sanchez, Priscilla Fialho, Filippo Gori, Dan Andrews, Chiara Criscuolo, Valentine Millot, Muge Adalet McGown, Serdar Celik 13