How to Develop Assessment Tools for How to Develop Assessment Tools - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

How to Develop Assessment Tools for How to Develop Assessment Tools for How to Develop Assessment Tools for Standards of Professional Conduct: Standards of Professional Conduct: Standards of Professional Conduct: A Review of 78 Countries A Review of 78 Countries A Review of 78 Countries Presented at: Presented at: Presented by: Presented by: 2007 PREM Learning Week 2007 PREM Learning Week Monica Dorhoi Dorhoi Monica Civil Service Course Civil Service Course PREM Public Sector Governance PREM Public Sector Governance April 20, 2007 April 20, 2007 The World Bank The World Bank Washington DC Washington DC April 14, 2007 April 14, 2007 The World Bank The World ank

Questions yet to be answered… … Questions yet to be answered • What are the standards of conduct? Why are they important? • Can we hold civil service accountable to these standards? What are the major problems in doing so? • Are asset disclosure and freedom of information good tools for “measuring” accountability? • Should we (the bank and international donors) support/promote them? When and when not? Monica Dorhoi Page 2 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Standards of Conduct Standards of Conduct • What standards of conduct? • “(…) a set of various ethical principles and values the observance of which in the performance of public service is required and expected by the government and the public” (Slovak Government (2002:) Ethics in public administration) • Why? • One or combinations of – Laws (Slovakia) – Resolutions (UK) – Internal Regulations (Norway) • To do what? How to set these standards? Monica Dorhoi Page 3 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Codes of Conduct objectives examples… … Codes of Conduct objectives examples UK Slovakia Service Code of Conduct for New Civil Service Civil Servants Code of Conduct (adopted July 31, (adopted June 6, 2006) 2002) • Integrity • Impartiality • Honesty • Diligence • Objectivity • Honesty • Accountability • Impartiality • Courtesy (Political • Accountability Impartiality) • Observance of Laws Monica Dorhoi Page 4 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Content of Codes in CEE countries (Palidauskaite, 2003) Poland Estonia Czech Bulgaria Macedonia Latvia • Objective - * (indirectly) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes • Principles of ethics Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes • Conflicts of interest Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes (Asset disclosure) • Gifts and favors Yes No Yes Yes Yes No • Outside activities Yes No No No No No • Use of information Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes • Political activity Yes No Yes No Yes No • Conduct in private life No No Yes Yes Yes No • Use of state property Yes Yes Yes No Yes No • Working time No No No No Yes Yes • Physical presentation No No No No Yes No • Relations with media No No No No Yes No • Post employment Yes No No Yes No No • Sanctions No No No Yes No Yes • Enforcement mechanism No No No No No Yes Monica Dorhoi Page 5 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Problems Codes of Conduct are running into… … Problems Codes of Conduct are running into • Unrealistic expectations Too much control • • Institutional support • Viable legal system • Professionalism of civil service • Shift in political will Monica Dorhoi Page 6 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Public Accountability project… … Public Accountability project • Why asset disclosure and FOI laws are important for managing civil service? • Asset disclosure – Pros – Cons • Freedom of information – Pros – Cons • How such laws can address the reasons why we think they are necessary? – What are the key features that these laws must have? Monica Dorhoi Page 7 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Public Accountability Project Public Accountability Project • The quality of the legal and institutional frameworks in law as of July 2006 for Asset Disclosure, Conflict of interest, Freedom of Information and Immunity • Data collection • Primary sources: laws, regulations • Secondary sources: reports, evaluations & interviews with 3 in-country experts • 24 questions (criteria) Scores varying from 100% (all legal and institutional • provisions) to 0% (no provisions) Monica Dorhoi Page 8 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

78 Countries (53 IDA) Latin & Central Middle East and Europe and America (4) North Africa (2) Central Asia (25) Bolivia, Dominican Algeria, Morocco Albania, Armenia, Republic, Guyana, East Asia (14) Azerbaijan, Bosnia Honduras and Herzegovina, Cambodia, Fiji, Africa (28) Bulgaria, Croatia, I ndonesia, Lao PDR, Czech Republic, Mongolia, Palau, Papua Angola, Benin, Botswana, Estonia, …., Slovenia, New Guinea, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Slovak Republic, Philippines, Solomon Congo, DRC, Ethiopia, Tajikistan, Turkey, I slands, Taiwan, Timor Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Leste, Tonga, Vanuatu, Kenya, Madagascar, Vietnam Malawi, Mali, …, Nigeria, South Asia (5) Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Bangladesh, I ndia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Monica Dorhoi Page 9 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Asset Disclosure findings Asset Disclosure findings • 61 out of 78 countries (83%) – Africa – 21 out of 25 countries – Europe and Central Asia – 24 out of 25 – Latin American and Caribbean – 4 out of 4 – Middle East and Northern Africa – 2out of 2 countries – South East Asia – 3 out of 5 countries Monica Dorhoi Page 10 The World The World Bank ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Asset Disclosure Requirements per Region as of July 2006 Percentage of countries 100% 100% 96% 100% 75% 64% 80% 60% 60% 40% 20% 0% A E E M L S f a u a o i r d s r t i u c i o d t n t a p l h A e A e s E m A i a a a s n e s i d r a t i c C a a . e . a . . . . . Monica Dorhoi Page 11 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Asset disclosure (ADEX) example… … Asset disclosure (ADEX) example Georgia Turkey Kenya Existence Yes Yes Yes Coverage Yes No No Declaration Yes Yes Yes Requirement Comprehensiveness No No No Frequency Yes No Yes Sanctions No No No Monitoring & Yes No Yes Oversight Declaration No (content Yes Yes verification only) Public Access Yes No No Monica Dorhoi Page 12 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Good Quality of Asset disclosure (ADEX) Good Quality of Asset disclosure (ADEX) Country (ADEX) Percentage of key criteria as of July 2006 Albania (ECA) 97% Lithuania (ECA) 96% Latvia 94% Uganda 94% Croatia 91% Estonia 90% Hungary 90% Palau (EAP) 90% Slovenia (ECA) 86% Nigeria 83% Monica Dorhoi Page 13 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Quality of Asset Disclosure legislation (ADEX) as of July 2006 100% Percentage of criteria 77% 80% 70% 63% 62% 60% 46% 45% 40% 20% 0% A E S E L M f a a o u r i s t d u i r c i o t n d t a h A p l e A e s A m E i s a a e a i n a s d r i t c C a & e N n o t r r a t h l A A s f i r a i c a Monica Dorhoi Page 14 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Asset Disclosure Major Problems … … Asset Disclosure Major Problems • Coverage • Enforcement mechanism • Penalties • Audit • Public Access Monica Dorhoi Page 15 The World The World Bank ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Standard Deviation of Asset Disclosure legislation (ADEX) as of July 2006 1.00 0.90 0.80 Standard deviation 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.38 0.40 0.29 0.30 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.07 0.04 0.10 0.00 Africa East Asia Europe and Latin Middle East South Asia Central Asia America & North Africa Monica Dorhoi Page 16 The World Bank The World ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Does Asset Disclosure Legislation Have the Does Asset Disclosure Legislation Have the Potential to Work? Potential to Work? • Only 30% of the laws have all of the key/critical elements • Only 40 % of declarations are designed to include the minimal sources of income a public official might have • Only 26 % of countries require audit of the content • Only 30 % of countries require declarations to be made public Monica Dorhoi Page 17 The World The World Bank ank PREM Public Sector Governance

Freedom of Information (FOIEX) Freedom of Information (FOIEX) • Why are FOI important? • 29 out of 78 countries (47%) – Africa - 5 out of 28 countries – Europe and Central Asia - 24 out of 25 countries – Latin America & Caribbean - 2 out of 4 countries – Middle East and North Africa - 1 country out of 2 – South East Asia – 2 out of 5 countries – East Asia - 4 out of 14 countries) Monica Dorhoi Page 18 The World The World Bank ank PREM Public Sector Governance