Heads and history nominal domain till in Swedish Prepositions in - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Heads and history Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in LFG and HPSG Prepositions in the Heads and history nominal domain till in Swedish Prepositions in the verbal domain Infinitival markers Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars in Germanic Path from nominal to verbal domain The University of Manchester Romance prepositions Conclusions HEADLEX References Warsaw, 28 July 2016 1 / 31

Heads and history Outline Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in LFG and HPSG 1 Grammaticalization Prepositions in the nominal domain till in Swedish 2 Types of category in LFG and HPSG Prepositions in the verbal domain Infinitival markers in Germanic 3 Prepositions in the nominal domain Path from nominal to verbal domain Romance 4 Prepositions in the verbal domain prepositions Conclusions References 5 Path from nominal to verbal domain 6 Conclusions 2 / 31

Heads and history Grammaticalization Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in LFG and HPSG Prepositions in the nominal domain Grammaticalization ’consists in the increase of the range of a till in Swedish morpheme advancing from a lexical to a grammatical or from a Prepositions in the verbal domain less grammatical to a more grammatical status’ Kuryłowicz (1965) Infinitival markers in Germanic Path from nominal to verbal domain Romance • reduction in semantics prepositions • reduction in “size” Conclusions References • loss of independence • ... 3 / 31

Heads and history Grammaticalization Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in LFG and HPSG Prepositions in the nominal domain till in Swedish • Noun to Preposition Prepositions in the verbal domain (1) Proto-Germanic * tila ‘goal’ Infinitival markers in Germanic Path from nominal (2) das Ziel ‘the goal’ (German) to verbal domain Romance prepositions (3) åka till Warsawa ‘go to Warsaw’ (Swedish) Conclusions References (4) till sjöss ‘to sea. gen ’ (Swedish) 4 / 31

Heads and history Types of category in LFG Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in Lexical category Functional category Non-projecting LFG and HPSG Prepositions in the category (ˆ X) nominal domain till in Swedish full semantics: “weak” semantics: may have Prepositions in the verbal domain have pred feature no pred feature full semantics Infinitival markers in Germanic Path from nominal projects to X ′′ projects to X ′′ does not project to verbal domain Romance adjoins to X 0 “extension” of lexical prepositions Conclusions category: References functional co-head Functional category posited when a feature is associated with a structural position, generally only C, I and D assumed (Kroeger 1993, Börjars et al. 1999) See Toivonen (2003) on non-projecting catgegory 5 / 31

Heads and history Types of category in (HPSG) Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in LFG and HPSG Full head Transparent head Weak head Prepositions in the nominal domain full semantics: “weak” semantics “weak” semantics: till in Swedish Prepositions in the content feature no content feature no content feature verbal domain Infinitival markers in Germanic projects to X ′′ projects to X ′′ does not project Path from nominal to verbal domain combines with X ′′ (or X ′ ) combines with X ′′ combines with X ′′ Romance prepositions contributes all but contributes only marking Conclusions References content feature feature: shares head features with complement See Tseng (2002), Abeillé et al. (2006) (assume full head with “weak” semantics), Przepiórkowski (2013), for ‘transparent head’ see Flickinger (2008) and for earlier category marker (Pollard & Sag 1994: 44–6) 6 / 31

Heads and history Heads in LFG vs heads in HPSG Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in LFG and HPSG Prepositions in the nominal domain till in Swedish LFG HPSG Prepositions in the verbal domain Lex Funct N-Pr Full Full trsp Weak Infinitival markers in Germanic own lex sem + – +/– + – – Path from nominal to verbal domain “borrows” lex sem – + – – + + Romance prepositions projects + + – + + – Conclusions combines with XP XP X XP XP XP(X ′ ) References 7 / 31

Heads and history Types of prepositions in Swedish Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization • prepositions with full semantics Types of category in LFG and HPSG Prepositions in the till (5) Oscar åkte tåg Stockholm. nominal domain O travel train to S till in Swedish ‘Oscar traveled by train to Stockholm.’ Prepositions in the verbal domain Infinitival markers in Germanic • prepositions marking grammatical relation Path from nominal to verbal domain (6) Oscar gav boken till läraren. Romance prepositions O gave book. def to teacher. def Conclusions ‘Oscar gave the book to the teacher.’ References • “particles” (7) Oscar sparkade till däcket. O kicked to tire. def ‘Oscar gave the tire a kick.’ 8 / 31

Heads and history Types of prepositions in LFG Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in LFG and HPSG Prepositions in the nominal domain • prepositions with full semantics till in Swedish Prepositions in the till P ( f pred ) = ‘till < obj >’ verbal domain Infinitival markers in Germanic • preposition marking grammatical relation Path from nominal to verbal domain P ( f pcase ) = obl Recipient till Romance prepositions Conclusions give P ( f pred ) = ‘give < subj, obj, obl Θ >’ References VP → V ... PP ↑ = ↓ ( ↑ ( ↓ pcase ))= ↓ 9 / 31

Heads and history Types of prepositions in LFG Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in LFG and HPSG Prepositions in the nominal domain • particle till in Swedish Prepositions in the Swedish particle till is aspectual marker (Toivonen 2003: 142) verbal domain Infinitival markers in Germanic ˆ Path from nominal till P ( f aspect telic ) = – to verbal domain Romance ( f aspect dynamic ) = + prepositions Conclusions ( f aspect durative ) = – References Particles can also have pred feature 10 / 31

Heads and history Types of prepositions in HPSG Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in LFG and HPSG Prepositions in the • preposition with full semantics nominal domain till in Swedish     prep head Prepositions in the verbal domain  � �    NP 1 subj   Infinitival markers cat   in Germanic       � �   Path from nominal   NP 2 [ acc ] comps to verbal domain     Romance   prepositions   allative-till     Conclusions   cont  figure 1    References     ground 2 Pollard & Sag (1994) ‘predicative preposition’, Tseng (2000, 2002) 11 / 31

Heads and history Types of prepositions in HPSG Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in LFG and HPSG • preposition marking grammatical relation Prepositions in the nominal domain   � � till in Swedish   cat prep head Prepositions in the   verbal domain     till marking   Infinitival markers     in Germanic   cat       � �   Path from nominal � �   cat head noun    to verbal domain    comps     Romance     prepositions cont 1   Conclusions     References cont 1 ‘non-predicative’ (Pollard & Sag 1994), ‘transparent’ (Flickinger 2008), full head with “weak” semantics (Abeillé et al. 2006) 12 / 31

Heads and history Types of prepositions in HPSG Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in LFG and HPSG Prepositions in the • weak head nominal domain till in Swedish     head 2 Prepositions in the verbal domain marking till     Infinitival markers     in Germanic     cat   � �    � �  Path from nominal  cat head noun 2     to verbal domain comps      Romance     prepositions cont 1     Conclusions   cont References 1 cf ’non-oblique’ prepositions (Abeillé et al. 2006), ‘minor preposition’ (Van Eynde 2004) 13 / 31

Heads and history Infinitival markers in Germanic Nigel Vincent & Kersti Börjars Grammaticalization Types of category in LFG and HPSG Prepositions in the nominal domain till in Swedish Grammaticalization: Prepositions in the verbal domain Infinitival markers allative preposition > purposive marker > infinitival marker in Germanic Path from nominal to verbal domain (Haspelmath 1989) Romance prepositions Conclusions Not necessarily mirrored by structural change References 14 / 31