Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women Generating evidence on - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women Generating evidence on women’s economic empowerment, gender equality and growth 1

CROISSANCE DE L’ÉCONOMIE ET DÉBOUCHÉS ÉCONOMIQUES DES FEMMES Production de données probantes sur l’autonomisation économique des femmes, l’égalité des sexes et la croissance dans les pays à faible revenu 2

Introducing the program • Rationale • Research themes and questions • Modalities: global research partnerships • Innovating in research uptake 3

Embedded in IDRC’s Supporting Inclusive Growth • Inclusive growth not simply a question of redistribution of growth • Operational emphasis : research to promote opportunities for gainful employment and livelihoods - Entrepreneurship - Jobs

Rationale for the ‘GrOW’ program • Much progress gender indicators – though with huge variations • More progress on (and knowledge of) progress education, health – less on ‘economic empowerment’ (also political; WEF data) • Disparities continue, including: - type and conditions of work - access to business, assets, finance - wages and other returns - care work: unpaid and paid; recognition; confidence While gender inequality persists, issues, and thus policies, are context specific 5

Plus: Global interest how women can play a greater role Gender equality and competitiveness (WEF data) 6

Definitions of economic empowerment OECD: “Capacity of women to participate in, contribute to and benefit from growth processes in ways that recognise the value of their contribution, respect their dignity and make it possible to negotiate a fairer distribution of the benefits of growth” DFID: “a process that increases people’s access to and control over economic resources and opportunities including jobs, financial services, property and other productive assets (from which one can generate an income), skills development and market information” = analytical focus, ‘economic’ part of broader empowerment agenda 7

T HREE THEMES 1. Barriers to women’s economic empowerment and to closing gender gaps in earnings and productivity? How can these be overcome? 2. How do specific patterns of economic growth and types of structural change affect women’s economic empowerment and gender equality? 3. How do women’s economic empowerment and gender equality affect economic growth? 8

1. Barriers to women’s economic empowerment • Forms of employment and entrepreneurship that are empowering • Constraints and choices on continuum of self-employment, wage employment, entrepreneurship • Gendered silo of paid and unpaid care work, where innovation regarding care has been limited • Constraints to women’s position in the household, wider society & economy -> individual choices and agency • How can these barriers be addressed (women’s time; fairness at work; access to finance, assets, business) 9

GNI and Female LFP How little we know – global data labor force participation 100 100 Female Labour Force Participation Rate (% fem. population aged 15-64) Total Labour Force Participation Rate (% total poupulation aged 15-64) 90 90 80 80 R² = 0.0367 70 70 R² = 0.0207 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 GNI per capita PPP (current international $) GNI per capita PPP (current international $) 10

Labor force participation rate (% of population ages 15-64) in 2011, WDI 80.00 Female Male 70.00 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 South Asia West Africa Southern Africa Central Africa East Africa 11

Account at a formal financial institution (% pop age 15+) in 2011, WDI 40.00 Female Male 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 Central Africa West Africa East Africa South Asia Southern Africa

Wages and salaries (in national currency), ILO Female Male 6000.00 5000.00 4000.00 3000.00 2000.00 1000.00 0.00 Brazil, 2002 Botswana, 2006 Swaziland, 1997 Myanmar ('00), Sri Lanka ('00), Kenya, 1997 2005 2007 13

2. Impact of patterns of growth on women’s economic empowerment • Evidence that economic growth promotes gender equality mixed • Some of fastest growing countries show least signs of progress gender equality • Impact patterns of growth on women’s economic empowerment and care, including competition, liberalisation, technological change • When are outcomes of growth more positive: accompanying policies, education, child care, etc. 14

Economic development and gender equality in LICs: access to finance , 2011 (WDI) ZMB Ratio of female to male - Account at a formal financial institution (% age 120.0 KGZ CAF MWI KHM 105.0 AGO LKA SWZ HTI NER ZAF CHN BWA BEN SEN MUS 90.0 KEN GHA BRA LSO GAB TGO BGD MOZ NGA RWA MLI TJK 75.0 NPL MDG SLE 15+) COM BFA BDI TZA GIN LBR IND COG ZAR TCD UGA CMR 60.0 MRT SDN 45.0 30.0 PAK AFG 15.0 2.500 2.750 3.000 3.250 3.500 3.750 4.000 4.250 4.500 Log Per Capita GDP

Economic development and gender equality: Labour Force Participation in LICs Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate MWI MOZ 2011 (WDI) 105.00 BDI RWA TGO TZA ZAR SLE UGA MDG COG GHA NPL KHM LBR ERI BWA ETH GMB GNQ 90.00 GNB GAB BEN BTN BFA ZMB KEN CAF HTI CHN NAM GIN CMR AGO TCD LSO TJK NGA SEN BRA MDV ZAF 75.00 KGZ BGD CIV SWZ CPV MUS 60.00 STP MLI LKA NER COM 45.00 SDN MRT IND PAK 30.00 AFG 15.00 2.500 2.750 3.000 3.250 3.500 3.750 4.000 4.250 4.500 Log Per Capita GDP

3. Does women’s economic empowerment promote growth? • Links between gender equality and economic growth complex and not uniform - need to further investigate relationships in various contexts Pathways through which women’s • economic empowerment contributes to economic growth • Hypotheses: more equal economic participation of women also improve efficiency, productivity and competitiveness, raise incomes, and improve conditions for growth 17

Program strategy • Combine quality research, strengthen capacity, and policy outreach (research uptake) • Competitive global call 15 mid-size research projects, focus on low-income countries (running, deadline October 25) • Synthesis of evidence question 3: call expected in 2 weeks • Research approaches: focus multi-disciplinary, cross- country • After 5 years, body of evidence and cohort of researchers better able to address issues of women’s economic empowerment 18

Research uptake: how do we enhance policy impact ? • At program and project level, national-international: can these reinforce each other? • Benefit from different donors & emphasis • Projects : i. Ensure policy relevance research: what findings would have what implications for what policy and action? ii. Identify targeted audience & policy windows iii. Strategy and means communication stakeholders 19

Growth and Economic Opportunities for Women Calls for research proposals: www.idrc.ca\grow www.idrc.ca\cedef 20