Greening'Datacenters'Through'Self4 Genera5on'of'Renewable'Energy' - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Greening'Datacenters'Through'Self4 Genera5on'of'Renewable'Energy' Thu'D.'Nguyen' Department'of'Computer'Science' ' Collaborators:'Ricardo'Bianchini,' Inigo'Goiri,'Md.'Haque,'William'Katsak,'Kien'Le' '

Mo5va5on' • Datacenters'consume'massive'amounts'of'energy'(electricity)' • Vast'majority'currently'due'to'small'and'medium'scale' datacenters' 1.5%' 2%' 90' 270' 240' Billion'KWh/year' Billion'KWh/year' 210' 180' 60' 150' 120' 90' 30' 60' 30' 0' 0' 2000' 2005' 2010' 2000' 2005' 2010' Electricity'consump5on'of'US'DCs'[JK’11]' Electricity'consump5on'of''WW'DCs'[JK’11]' Rutgers'University' 2'

Mo5va5on' • Electricity'comes'mostly'from'burning'fossil'fuels' 100%' 34th' 120' 80%' 35th' Others' 116' 60%' MMT/year' Renewables' 112' Nuclear' 40%' 108' Natural'Gas' Coal' 20%' 104' 100' 0%' Nigeria' Data'Centers' Czech'Rep.' US' World' Electricity'sources'in'US'&'WW'[DOE’10]' CO 2 'of'world4wide'DCs'[Mankoff’08]' Can'we'use'renewables'to'reduce'this'footprint?' Reducing'electricity'costs'would'be'nice'too' • Rutgers'University' 3'

Outline' • Mo5va5on:'DC'energy'usage'and'carbon'footprint' • Reducing'carbon'footprint'&'cost'with'renewables' • Our'target'and'research'challenges' • Parasol:'our'solar4powered'micro4datacenter' • GreenSwitch:'managing'power'sources' • Previous,'current,'and'related'work' • Conclusions' Rutgers'University' 4'

Greening'Datacenters' • Power'purchase'agreement,'off4site'genera5on' – Renewable'energy'produced'at'the'best'loca5on' – Requires'transmission' • Construc5on'of'transmission'lines' • Energy'losses:'~15%'[IEC’07]' • Variability'challenging'for'grid'operators' – Example:'Google'buys'wind'power'from'NextEra' • Self4genera5on,'co4loca5on' – Lower'peak'power,'energy'costs'with'self4genera5on' – Loca5on'may'not'be'ideal'for'DC'or'renewable'plant' – Examples:' • Microsoj'placed'DC'near'a'hydro'plant'in'OR' • Apple'built'a'40MW'solar'array'in'NC' • No'approach'is'perfect' Rutgers'University' 5'

Self4Genera5on'Example:'Apple'NC' Apple'DC'in'Maiden,'NC' 40MW'solar'farm' Rutgers'University' 6'

Outline' • DC'energy'usage'and'carbon'footprint' • Reducing'carbon'footprint'&'cost'with'renewables' • Our'target'and'research'challenges' • Parasol:'our'solar4powered'micro4datacenter' • GreenSwitch:'managing'power'sources' • Previous,'current,'and'related'work' • Conclusions' Rutgers'University' 7'

Our'Research'Target' • Self4genera5on'or'co4loca5on'with'solar'and/or'wind' – Pros:'Clean'and'available' – Cons:'Space'and'cost' Rutgers'University' 8'

Solar'and'Wind'Are'Clean' 1000' g'CO2e'per'KWh'over'life5me' 900' 800' 700' 600' 500' 400' 300' 200' 100' 0' [Sovacool’08]' Rutgers'University' 9'

Solar'and'Wind'Are'Clean' 1000' g'CO2e'per'KWh'over'life5me' 900' 800' 700' 600' 500' 400' 300' 200' 100' 0' [Sovacool’08]' Rutgers'University' 10'

Solar'More'Available'In'US' Wind' Solar' Fair' Good' Excellent' Outstanding' [NREL’12]' Superb' Rutgers'University' 11'

Solar'PV'Efficiencies'Are'Increasing' Efficiency'rates'of'PV'modules' [IEA’10]' Rutgers'University' 12'

Solar'PV'Capacity'Factors'Today' 25' 20' 15' 10' 5' 0' [PVOutput’12]' Rutgers'University' 13'

Cost'of'Solar'PV'Energy'Decreasing' 20' 16' 2011'Dollars'per'Wao' Installed' 12' 8' Panels' 4' Inverters' 0' 1985' 1987' 1989' 1991' 1993' 1995' 1997' 1999' 2001' 2003' 2005' 2007' 2009' 2011' 2013' 2015' 2017' 2019' 2021' 2023' 2025' 2027' 2029' [DOE’11,Solarbuzz’12]' Grid'electricity'prices'have'been'increasing:'30%+'since'1998'[EIA’12]' Rutgers'University' 14'

Cost'of'Solar'PV'Energy'Decreasing' 20' spike'in'demand' 16' 2011'Dollars'per'Wao' world4wide'recession' Installed' 12' back'to'historical'levels' 8' Panels' 4' Inverters' 0' 1985' 1987' 1989' 1991' 1993' 1995' 1997' 1999' 2001' 2003' 2005' 2007' 2009' 2011' 2013' 2015' 2017' 2019' 2021' 2023' 2025' 2027' 2029' [DOE’11,Solarbuzz’12]' Rutgers'University' 15'

Cost'of'Solar'PV'Energy'Decreasing' 20' 16' 2011'Dollars'per'Wao' Installed' 12' <'1/2'of'current'cost' 8' Panels' 4' Inverters' 0' 1985' 1987' 1989' 1991' 1993' 1995' 1997' 1999' 2001' 2003' 2005' 2007' 2009' 2011' 2013' 2015' 2017' 2019' 2021' 2023' 2025' 2027' 2029' [DOE’11,Solarbuzz’12]' With'incen5ves,'the'installed'price'can'go'down'by'another'40460%' Rutgers'University' 16'

Solar'Space'and'Cost:'Present'and'Future' Space&as&a&factor&of&rack&area& Present& Future&(202042030)& Density'per'rack' 8kW'(200W'1U'servers)' ~47x' ~24x' 2kW'(25W'0.5U'servers)' ~12x' ~6x' Assuming'30%'server'u5liza5on,'50%'solar'energy,'NJ'capacity'factor,'and'1'row'of'panels' Rutgers'University' 17'

Solar'space'and'cost:'Present'and'future' Space&as&a&factor&of&rack&area& Present& Future&(202042030)& Density'per'rack' 8kW'(200W'1U'servers)' ~47x' ~24x' 2kW'(25W'0.5U'servers)' ~12x' ~6x' Assuming'30%'server'u5liza5on,'50%'solar'energy,'NJ'capacity'factor,'and'1'row'of'panels' Cost&per&AC&Wa:& Present& Future&(202042030)& ~$2.30' <'$1.20' Assuming'self4genera5on'and'federal'+'state'incen5ves' Time&to&amor>ze&cost& Present& Future&(202042030)& ~12'years' <'6'years' Assuming'above'costs,'NJ'capacity'factor,'and'NJ'grid'energy'prices' Rutgers'University' 18'

Solar'space'and'cost:'Present'and'future' Space&as&a&factor&of&rack&area& Present& Future&(202042030)& Density'per'rack' 8kW'(200W'1U'servers)' ~47x' ~24x' 2kW'(25W'0.5U'servers)' ~12x' ~6x' Assuming'30%'server'u5liza5on,'50%'solar'energy,'NJ'capacity'factor,'and'1'row'of'panels' Cost&per&AC&Wa:& Present& Future&(202042030)& ~$2.30' <'$1.20' Assuming'self4genera5on'and'federal'+'state'incen5ves' Time&to&amor>ze&cost& Present& Future&(202042030)& ~12'years' <'6'years' Assuming'above'costs,'NJ'capacity'factor,'and'NJ'grid'energy'prices' Wind'takes'~12x'less'space'and'is'~3x'cheaper' Rutgers'University' 19'

Main'Challenge:'Power'Supply'is'Variable'' Variable' Solar'power' Storage?' Power' Load' Workload' Time' Source?' • Power'genera5on'is'variable' – Unlikely'to'match'workload' • Match'power'demand'and'supply' Rutgers'University' 20'

Main'Challenge:'Power'Supply'is'Variable'' • Many'research'ques5ons:' – What'kinds'of'DC'workloads'are'amenable?' – What'kinds'of'techniques'can'we'apply?' – How'well'can'we'predict'solar'energy'availability?' – If'baoeries'are'available,'how'should'we'manage'them?' – Can'we'leverage'geographical'distribu5on?' • Building'hardware'&'sojware'to'answer'ques5ons' Rutgers'University' 21'

Outline' • DC'energy'usage'and'carbon'footprint' • Reducing'carbon'footprint'&'cost'with'renewables' • Our'target'and'research'challenges' • Parasol:'our'solar4powered'micro4datacenter' • GreenSwitch:'managing'power'sources' • Previous,'current,'and'related'work' • Conclusions' Rutgers'University' 22'

The'Rutgers'Parasol'Project' Rutgers'University' 23'

Parasol:'Our'Hardware'Prototype' • Unique'research'plarorm' – Solar4powered'compu5ng' – Remote'DC'deployments' – Sojware'to'exploit'renewables'within'and'across'DCs' – Tradeoff'between'renewables,'baoeries,'and'grid'energy' – Free'cooling,'wimpy'servers,'solid4state'drives' Rutgers'University' 24'

Parasol:'Our'Hardware'Prototype' Rutgers'University' 25'

Parasol'Details' • Steel'structure'on'the'roof' – 16'solar'panels:'3.2'kW'peak' – Container'hosts'2'racks'of'IT' • Backup'power' – Baoeries:'32kWh' – Grid' • IT'equipment ' – 64'Atom'servers'(so'far):'1.9'kW' – 2'switches' • Cooling' – Free'cooling:'10'−'400'W' – Air'condi5oning:'2'kW' Rutgers'University' 26'

Electrical'infrastructure' Inverter' DC' AC' AC' Electrical' Panel' AC' AC' Charge' Controller' Power'grid' DC' IT'Equipment' Rutgers'University' 27'

Outline' • DC'energy'usage'and'carbon'footprint' • Reducing'carbon'footprint'&'cost'with'renewables' • Our'target'and'research'challenges' • Parasol:'our'solar4powered'micro4datacenter' • GreenSwitch:'managing'power'sources' • Previous,'current,'and'related'work' • Conclusions' Rutgers'University' 28'

Example'Energy'Source'Management' Power' Inverter' DC' Time' AC' AC' Electrical' Panel' AC' AC' Charge' Controller' Power'grid' DC' IT'Equipment' Rutgers'University' 29'

Example'Energy'Source'Management' Power' Inverter' DC' Time' AC' AC' Electrical' Panel' AC' AC' Charge' Controller' Power'grid' DC' IT'Equipment' Rutgers'University' 30'

Example'Energy'Source'Management' Power' Inverter' DC' Time' AC' AC' Electrical' Panel' AC' AC' Charge' Controller' Power'grid' DC' IT'Equipment' Rutgers'University' 31'

Possible'Energy'Source'Management' Basic' Power' Time' Rutgers'University' 32'