Low-carbon Energy in Scooter Applications 15 th IAEE European Conference 2017 National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Scooter Presenter Po-Chien Huang × Leadauthor Po-Chien Huang Green Coauthors Ching-Chih Chang
CONTENT 1 Introduction 2 Research Methods 3 Empirical Analysis 4 Conclusion 5 Reference
Chapter 1 Introduction Low-carbon Energy in Scooter Applications
Introduction FIRST According to IEA in 2015, it reported that the concentration of CO ₂ compared with the past century CO ₂ grew about 40%. And by 2013, road transport CO ₂ emissions had already accounted for three quarters of the transport sector; much higher than the total emission of sea transport, air transport and rail transport all combined. Thus, how to reduce GHG emissions from road SECOND transport in the transport sector is an important issue. In low-carbon energy, hydrogen is one worth mentioning. And hydrogen energy can produce about 142 million H ₂ joules per kilogram of energy, and is 3 times higher as compared to gasoline, 3.5 times higher than natural gas. Moreover, it only produces high density of energy and water when it burns. 1
THIRD According to the CO ₂ emissions of fuel combustion statistics published by the Ministry of Economic Affairs in Taiwan in 2015, which annual CO ₂ emission growth rate from 1995 to 2014 was 3.52%. In which, the transport sector is third-largest source of CO ₂ emissions in Taiwan and comparing with the emissions of 2013, the emissions in 2014 grew by 1.34%. FOURTH Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the CO ₂ emissions from the road transport sector to avoid environmental degradation. Taiwan CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion by sector in 2013 and 2014 (Unit ： ten thousand tons) sector Energy Industry Transport Agriculture Service Residential year amount 16,023.88 4,456.20 3,447.22 100.88 417.67 464.92 2013 % 64.33% 17.89% 13.84% 0.40% 1.68% 1.87% amount 16,568.71 4,031.68 3,493.38 107.43 441.10 461.59 2014 % 66.00% 16.06% 13.92% 0.43% 1.76% 1.84% Growth % 3.40% -9.53% 1.34% 6.49% 5.61% -0.71% Situation Data Resource ： Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affair (2015) 2
FIVE In general, there are two ways to solve the emission problems from the transport sector, one is to control the number of vehicles on the road. The other one is using low-carbon energy instead of the natural diesel and other high-carbon energy to reduce the GHG emissions in the transport sector. With the view of this, this paper will apply ISO/TS 14067: 2013 with carbon footprint (CF) model to evaluate the carbon footprint of internal combustion engine (ICE) scooter and other three alternative energy-based scooter, including liquefied natural gas (LNG) scooter, hydrogen scooter and electric scooter. Analyze the life cycle carbon footprint of ICE scooter, LNG scooter, hydrogen scooter and electric scooter, and compare the environmental benefits of them and their emission hot- spots. Evaluate the life cycle cost and applying cost-benefit analysis to analyze the cost-benefit of the four different kinds of scooters. Provide the improvement direction for low-carbon energy in scooter application and green transport strategy. 3
Chapter 2 Research Methods Low-carbon Energy in Scooter Applications
2.1 Assessment of Carbon footprint ISO/TS 14067 Raw material Manufacturing Product service Waste disposals extraction phase phase phase phase And based on the relative approach and functional unit principle, which provided the measurement standard for carbon footprint calculation for the four scooters. The functional unit of this study is kgCO 2 ,e/km (vehicle kilometer traveled) indicating the emission of scooters per kilometer. 4
2.2 Manufacturing Maps - ICE scooter & LNG scooter ICE scooter life cycle LNG scooter life cycle 5
2.2 Manufacturing Maps – Hydrogen scooter & Electric scooter Hydrogen scooter life cycle Electric scooter life cycle 6
2.3 Variables and model - Models of carbon emissions The total emission (TE) model of scooter service phase was based on the Eq. (1), and we further added activity intensity/variation (ι) and emission factor (j) data of each scooter’s (γ) fuel and consumptions items, which is shown in Eq.(2). However, Eq. (2) did not multiply the GWP value, that is because the emission factor used in this paper had changed all the GHG emission into the CO 2 ,e. Carbon Emissions (CO 2 ,e) = Activity Intensity × Emission Factor × GWP Eq. (1) TE γ = Σ ιj A ι × E j Eq. (2) TEγ ： represents the life cycle carbon emission of γ scooter A ι ： represents the activity intensity of ι item (ι=1~15) E j ： represents the emission factor of j item(j =1~17) 7
2.3 Variables and model - Carbon footprint models The carbon footprint is based on the product’s life cycle, which was composed of systematic GHG emission and removal amount, and using single CO 2 ,e to measure the impact of climate change and evaluate the functional unit of carbon emission. The functional unit in this study was vehicle kilometer traveled and the scooters’ carbon footprint models are shown in Eq.(7). CFP γ = TE γ /M Eq. (7) CFP γ ： carbon footprint of vehicle kilometer traveled of γ scooter. (unit ： kgCO 2 ,e/pkm) (γ=1~4) TE γ ： life cycle carbon emission of γ scooter. (kgCO 2 ,e) ( γ=1~4) M ： milage (kilometer) 8
2.3 Cost-benefit analysis Due to LNG and hydrogen energy in scooter application are not matured, comparing with the electric scooters and ICE scooters, the fixed cost of LNG scooters and hydrogen scooters are much more expensive. Thus, this study assumed in the future the manufacture of LNG scooters, hydrogen scooters and electric scooters become mature, which neglect the impact of fixed cost and compare the ICE scooters to find which energy-based scooter has the best development potential. Eq. (8) BC γ =TE γ /PV γ Description Variable The life cycle cost-benefit ration of γ scooter ， γ= 1~4 BC γ The life cycle carbon emission of γ scooter (kgCO 2 ,e) ， γ= 1~4 TE γ The net present value of life cycle total cost of γ scooter ， γ= 1~4 PV γ The life cycle fixed cost of γ scooter ， γ= 1~4 FC γ The life cycle variable cost of γ scooter ， γ= 1~4 VC γ Note ： γ= 1 ， ICE scooter ； γ= 2 ， LNG scooter ； γ= 3 ， hydrogen scooter ； γ= 4 ， eletric scooter 。 9
Chapter 3 Empirical Analysis Low-carbon Energy in Scooter Applications
3.1 Scooter characteristics In the fuel efficiency phase, these four scooters all belonged to the original heavy-duty motorcycle in the scooter’s category of MOTC. ICE LNG Hydrogen Electric characteristics scooter scooter scooter scooter 1,800 × 700 × 1,800 × 700 × 1,765 × 665 × H*W*D - 1,080 mm 1,080 mm 1,075 mm Max speed 100 km/hr 65 km/hr 65 km/hr 50 km/hr Max power 7,500 W 3,000 W 3,000 W 2,000 W Capacity of battery - - 59.2V/30Ah 48V/20Ah*2 10
3.2 System boundary of the life cycle carbon footprint of scooter We assumed that the life cycle of ICE scooter, LNG scooter, hydrogen scooter and electric scooter, their service life are approximately 15 years. And the decision of the functional units, we refer to the 2015 statistics report published by MOTC and used kgCO2,e/km (vehicle kilometer traveled). Total life cycle distance: 12 km/daily × 365 days × 15 years = 67,890 km Based on MOTC (2013), in Taiwan the average occupancy of scooters is about 1.34 people per scooter, thus, we assumed that the occupancy of scooters in this study is 1.0 person per scooter. The calculation of this study is based on the heating value of LNG and LPG energy for energy transformation. The heating value of LNG and LPG were 13,039 kJ/kg and 12,000 kJ/kg, respectively, the ratio was about 1.09, thus, we conservatively used the ratio 1 for calculating. 11
3.3 Carbon footprint assessment - Carbon emission assessment The total life cycle emission in In P1, maintenance phase, the In P2-1, extraction and And in P2-2, scooter serving-fuel descending order of ICE scooter, hydrogen scooter produce the manufacturing-fuel phase, the ICE phase, ICE scooter also gave the LNG scooter, electric scooter and most emission of 643.20 kgCO 2 ,e, scooter emitted the most GHG of highest emission of 7,222.30 hydrogen scooter. and the followed by electric about 2,135.18 kgCO 2 ,e, and kgCO 2 ,e and followed by LNG scooter of 420.81 kgCO 2 ,e, that followed by electric scooter with scooter with 3,628.44 kgCO 2 ,e, In which, the ICE scooter is 2.11 was because both hydrogen 796.58 kgCO 2 ,e due to the high while hydrogen scooter and times, 8.39 times and 7.91 times scooter and electric scooter emission in electricity production electric scooter had no emission higher than LNG scooter, electric required to be equipped with before serving. in this phase. scooter and hydrogen scooter, batteries, and its replacement respectively. produce high emission during scooter’s yearly usage. Unit: kgCO 2 ,e 9,629.86 4,556.20 1,217.39 1,147.18 12
Recommend
More recommend
