PSA Annual Conference 2018, Cardiff Panel: Migration and Identity in Southern Europe: Lived Experiences, Attitudes and Transformations Georgios Karyotis, University of Glasgow Dimitris Skleparis , University of Glasgow georgios.karyotis@glasgow.ac.uk : www.RefugeePolitics.net
Protracted Syrian conflict necessitates policies to enable refugees to train and work at least temporarily in host countries (World Bank 2015) Since the Syrian civil war began, 5.1 million people have fled the country, with 3 million now living in Turkey Scarcity of research on skills needs of refugee young adults (Chatty, 2007). Analogously disadvantaged host population perspectives also under-researched How can we overcome the perceived competition between the two groups over scarce resources? Limited impact of Syrian refugees on the labour market, including in culturally similar countries like Jordan (Fakih & Ibrahim 2016). Why?
i) Promote Normative Frame Educate and sensitise public through discourse, images, media Empower civil society Project refugee voices Focus on young refugees’ and host populations’ shared underlying ethical frameworks Challenge: short-term effects and realist reflexes
1.Nyhan B, 2.Reifler J 1.Nyhan B, . When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions. Polit Behav.2010;32(2):303 – 330 2.Reifler J . When corrections fail: the persistence of political misperceptions. Polit Behav.2010;32(2):303 – 330 ii) Promote Liberal Frame • Emphasise benefits of migration on host society • Focus on human capital • ‘Correct’ misconceptions with evidence Challenges : Migrants struggle to gain employment at their skill-accredited levels a) (et al, 2013) - lack of receptiveness of employers ‘entirely disregarded ’ by HTC theorists (Laurison & Friedman, 2016) Corrections frequently fail to reduce misperceptions among the b) targeted ideological group. May also have a “backfire effect” in which corrections actually increase misperceptions among the group in question. (Nyhan and J Reifler, 2010)
iii) Promote Responsibility Sharing Support countries at external borders Relocation schemes Challenges : Domestic politics Lack of political will Institutional configurations
iv. Escape the ‘Normative Dilemma’ Avoid ‘security’ language of ‘us’ and ‘them’ Emphasise commonalities, not differences Identify shared values, aspirations, skills between citizens and refugees Overcome perceived competition between the two groups over scarce resources Invest in refugees’ ‘human capital’ and skills.
ESRC-AHRC Project: www.RefugeePolitics.net Interdisciplinary Team: Education (Lesley Doyle; Kristinn Hermannsson), Sociology (Gareth Mulvey), Philosophy (Ben Colburn), Politics (Dimitris Skleparis; Georgios Karyotis)
A. Fieldworker-administered (face to face) and self-completion survey with 1500 young Syrian refugees 18-32 B. Representative surveys on corresponding attitudes and belief structures of host populations (n= 3,500) Access issues and solutions Greece Lebanon UK No. of completed face-to-face 500 532 484 surveys with young Syrians
UK: In 2015 the British government agreed to take 20,000 refugees over a five-year period; as of March 2017, 7,307 had been resettled in the UK. Lebanon : 1,011,366 registered Syrian refugees, plus 300,000 registered Syrian Palestinian refugees. Greece: 21,700 have been relocated from Greece (33% of the 66,400 originally foreseen). About 11,000 people remain on the islands waiting for a decision on whether they will be returned to Turkey About 34,000 people are residing in the mainland. Over 18,400 are accommodated in apartments and hotels throughout 20 cities.
Now, in your current situation, are you planning to remain in Greece / Lebanon / UK? If not, where are you planning to go? Greece Lebanon UK Yes, I am planning to remain in 12.12% 38.72% 74.00% Greece/Lebanon/UK No, I am planning to go to another European 13.16% 1.40% 75.56% country No, I am planning to go to another non- 1.62% 1.32% 0.90% European country No, I am planning to go back to the country of 1.21% 0.56% 0.54% transit (Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, etc.) No, I am planning to go back to Syria 1.41% 9.90% 36.47% DK 3.64% 8.46% 13.10% NR 4.44% 1.32% 0.20%
Education (1) What is the highest qualification you have obtained in Syria OR elsewhere? Greece Lebanon UK Elementary / Primary 22.58% 47.56% 14.63% Intermediate (Grade 9, General National Exam) 32.86% 25.94% 31.98% General Secondary – Literary (Baccalaureate) 10.89% 9.02% 15.18% General Secondary – Scientific (Baccalaureate) 8.87% 1.88% 10.84% Technical Secondary 6.85% 2.07% 2.44% Informatics School 0.81% 0.38% 0.81% University – Undergraduate (BA/BSc) 14.52% 7.52% 16.53% University – Postgraduate (Master’s) 0.81% 1.32% 2.44% University – Doctorate (PhD) 0.00% 0.00% 0.81% Other qualifications obtained in Syria: 0.81% 1.69% 1.90% Qualifications obtained elsewhere: 0.00% 0.19% 2.17% DK/NR 1.01% 2.44% 0.27%
Education (2) Was your education interrupted by the conflicts? Greece Lebanon UK No 49.40% 76.32% 60.16% Yes 46.17% 22.37% 39.57% NR 4.44% 1.32% 0.27% Do you have any documentation with you to verify your educational qualifications? Greece Lebanon UK No 69.96% 65.60% 53.39% Yes 26.61% 31.95% 46.34% DK 0.20% 0.94% 0.00% NR 3.23% 1.50% 0.27%
UK : {1, Government support / welfare} 61% Lebanon: {1, Non-agricultural casual labour (casual labour, skilled labour, salaried work, provision of services)} 41% Greece : {1, Cash from humanitarian/charitable organisations} 50% Lebanon: Higher levels of self-reliance UK & Greece: Higher levels of dependency on government and civil society support respectively. Greece: According to UNHCR, in February 2018, 41,387 people received cash assistance through 19,154 cards for a total of € 4.13 million.
Job in Syria Greece Lebanon UK Professional or highly technical work (e.g. doctor, 6.70% 6.90% 30.41% accountant, schoolteacher, university lecturer, social worker, systems analyst) Manager or Senior Administrator (e.g. company 2.23% 0.00% 2.70% director, finance manager, personnel manager, senior sales manager, senior local government officer) Clerical work (e.g. clerk, secretary) 6.25% 0.43% 4.73% Sales or Services (e.g. commercial traveller, shop 10.71% 6.03% 7.43% assistant, nursery nurse, care assistant, paramedic) Small Business Owner (e.g. shop owner, small 16.52% 10.78% 12.84% builder, farmer, restaurant owner) Foreman or Supervisor of other Workers (e.g. 1.34% 2.16% 3.38% building site foreman, supervisor of cleaning workers) Skilled Manual Work (e.g. plumber, electrician, fitter, 33.48% 21.98% 27.70% train driver, cook, hairdresser) Semi-skilled or Unskilled Manual Work (e.g. machine 10.27% 26.72% 4.05% operator, assembler, postman, waitress, cleaner, labourer, driver, bar-worker, call-centre worker) Other type of work: 7.14% 24.14% 6.08%
Current Employment Status Greece Lebanon UK Full time salaried/waged employment (more than 5.44% 38.72% 7.07% 30 hours / week) Full time self-employment (more than 30 hours / 1.81% 8.08% 4.62% week) Part-time salaried/waged employment (less than 0.81% 5.26% 7.34% 30 hours / week but wanted to work full-time) Part-time salaried/waged employment (less than 0.20% 0.94% 2.99% 30 hours / week and wanted to work part-time) Part-time self-employment (less than 30 hours / 0.60% 1.50% 2.45% week but wanted to work full-time) Part-time self-employment (less than 30 hours / 0.20% 1.88% 0.82% week and wanted to work part-time) Homemaker 19.35% 25.75% 14.95% Student 7.06% 2.26% 36.14% Unable to work (e.g. due to disability) 2.22% 0.56% 1.90% Unemployed 53.03% 15.04% 20.65% DK/NR 9.27% 0.00% 1.09%
Current Job (2) Do you have social security? Greece Lebanon UK No 53.33% 97.33% 30.11% Yes 37.78% 0.67% 49.46% DK 6.67% 0.67% 16.13% NR 2.22% 1.33% 4.30%
'How did you find your current job?(%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 Syrian acquaintance Citizen acquaintance Door to door inquiry Lebanon Voluntereed as an intern Greece Local organisation / job centre United Kingdom Started own business Media ad
'In which sector would you like to work?' Top Answers: Greece (%) n= 293 Engineering 4 Arts, entertainment, recreation 5 Health 3 Education 4 Professional, scientific/technical 11 Business administration 5 Hotels and catering 13 Retail, wholesale, distribution 6 13 Construction Manufacturing 14 Agriculture, forestry, fishing 6
UK Lebanon Greece Finding employment The Government Syrian Refugees themselves The Government 53.3% 37.2% 28% opportunities Syrian Refugees The Public The Public Integrating in the society themselves 55.8% 45.9% 31% Developing work- The Government International Institutions International Institutions 59.1% (UNHCR, UN) 39.8% (UNHCR, UN) 23.6% related skills Ensuring safety and The Government The Government The Government security 78.5% 53.8% 44.4% The Government International Institutions International Institutions Providing for basic 72.7% (e.g. UNHCR, UN) 66.9% (e.g. UNHCR, UN) needs (e.g. shelter, 47.4% food, welfare)
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