Georgia: Production of Data on Asset Ownership and Entrepreneurship from a Gender Perspective Tengiz Tsekvava Deputy Executive Director, Geostat 12 th Forum on Gender Statistics November 14-16, 2018. Tokyo, Japan
Outline ➢ EDGE Project in Georgia ➢ Survey Design and Implementation ➢ Survey Results ➢ Main findings ➢ Conclusions and Future Plans
EDGE Project in Georgia ➢ Geostat involved in the EDGE project from 2012 ➢ Acceptance of the ADB’s proposal to be part of the regional project together with Mongolia and the Philippines ➢ Memorandum of Understanding signed with the ADB on the implementation of the EDGE Pilot in Georgia ➢ During the project implementation Geostat benefited from the technical assistance of the ADB with continuous participation of the UNSD
Survey Design and Implementation: Survey Objectives ➢ Obtain data on individual asset ownership within households ➢ Study the gender-based incidence and other important aspects of asset ownership by different types of assets ➢ Learn about gender disparities by types of assets, incl. the attempt to study the gender wealth gap ➢ Key concepts specific to the survey: gender-based incidence of asset ownership, documented vs reported ownership, self-assigned approach vs ownership assigned by any respondent, rights to sell and bequeath, modes of acquisition, asset valuation
Survey Design and Implementation: Survey Instruments Module Respondent (2) Household questionnaire • Primary Respondent Individual questionnaire • Primary Respondent, Spouse/partner of PR, third (3) Dwelling randomly selected (4) Agricultural Land household member (5) Livestock (6) Agricultural Equipment (Small and Large) (7) Non-agricultural enterprises (8) Other real estate (9) Consumer Durables (10) Financial assets and (11) Liabilities (12) Valuables
Survey Design and Implementation: Sampling Design ➢ Sample size: 3,120 households (nationally representative) ➢ Sample frame: 2014 population census database ➢ Sampling design: two-stage stratified sampling
Survey Design and Implementation: Survey Design ➢ Face-to-face paper based interviews ➢ Respondent selection protocol - administered to at most 3 adult (18+) members of the household 1. Primary Respondent (PR) 2. Spouse/partner (if available) together defined as the Principal couple 3. Third adult randomly selected if there are more than 3 adults in a household ➢ Respondents were interviewed simultaneously and independently.
Survey Results: General Comments ➢ Survey instruments were customized in order to take into account local specificities and expected feedback of respondents: some modules or questions were removed or reformulated ➢ Analysis of results was confined to the self-assigned approach ➢ Due to difficulties with asset valuation the gender wealth gap was analysed for the dwelling only
Profile of f households and respondents Dis istributio ion of f Surveyed Households by Type of f Resp spondent 35 30.4 30 25.6 25.2 24.7 24.3 25 22.1 20 15 12.4 10 9.8 10 6.4 5 3.1 2.3 2.2 1.5 0 Principal couple only Three adults including Three adults including Three adults without Any two respondents Any two respondents with Single respondents principal couple either member of the principal couple other than Principal either member of the principal couple couple principal couple Urban Rural
Incidence of f Ownership: Immovable Assets In Incidence of f Ownership of f Im Immovable (C (Core) Ass ssets • Ownership Incidence of core 75.9 Women assets is higher for men in all 33.4 Dwelling asset categories 80.4 Men 46.3 • More significant differences 34.1 Women Agricultural Land 12.6 are observed for documented 47.7 ownership Men 30.6 10.1 • The largest gender gap is Women Other Real Estate 5.9 reported for agricultural land 15.7 Men 10.6 ownership 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Reported Documented
Incidence of f Ownership: Immovable Assets Dwelling Agricultural Land Other Real Estate Socio-demographic characteristics Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total Marital status Married 71.8 63.0 67.1 75.5 64.6 70.5 72.9 72.6 72.8 Widowed, Separated, or Divorced 7.6 27.8 18.3 8.0 27.4 16.9 6.3 17.0 10.9 Never married 20.7 9.2 14.6 16.5 8.1 12.6 20.8 10.4 16.3 Education level Primary or lower 2.2 3.4 2.8 3.2 4.0 3.6 0.7 0.4 0.6 Secondary 42.8 38.4 40.5 44.1 42.8 43.5 26.2 22.9 24.8 Post-secondary non-tertiary 23.0 25.4 24.3 24.6 26.0 25.2 18.8 19.3 19.1 Tertiary or above 32.0 32.8 32.4 28.1 27.2 27.7 54.2 57.3 55.6 Employment status Employed 66.2 47.9 56.5 76.8 61.7 69.9 71.1 51.1 62.5 Not engaged in economic activity 33.8 52.1 43.5 23.2 38.3 30.1 28.9 48.9 37.5 Age Group 18 – 29 17.4 13.6 15.4 13.4 9.8 11.8 19.2 16.3 18.0 30 – 49 31.7 32.9 32.3 30.8 31.3 31.0 36.1 36.1 36.1 50 – 59 20.9 19.3 20.1 23.4 21.7 22.6 19.5 22.3 20.7 60 and above 29.9 34.2 32.2 32.4 37.2 34.6 25.2 25.3 25.2
Incidence of f Ownership: Other Assets In Incidence of f Reported Ownership of f Other Ass ssets (% (%) 98.4 98.3 100 90 80 70 60 50 41.6 38.6 40 30 20 10.7 6.4 10 6.0 1.8 1.6 1.0 0 Consumer Durables Livestock Non-agricultural Enterprises Large Agricultural Equipment Financial Asset Men Women
Forms of ownership Incidence of f Reported Ownership of f Immovable Ass ssets (% (%) Reported ownership 6 6 17 55 7 9 Dwelling Documented ownership 31 20 10 18 9 12 Agricultural Reported ownership 15 5 18 40 10 11 Land Documented ownership 48 16 8 10 8 11 Other Real Reported ownership 20 12 15 26 6 21 Estate Documented ownership 44 27 4 3 4 17 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Exclusive Male Exclusive Female Principal Couple All Household members Other joint ownership Joint Ownership with non-household members
Forms of ownership Incidence of f Reported Ownership of f Other Ass ssets (% (%) Large Agricultural equipments 48 2 6 18 19 7 Livestock 4 6 19 59 8 4 Non-agricultural enterprises 38 21 14 14 7 7 Consumer Durables 10 8 15 49 15 3 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Exclusive Male Exclusive Female Principal Couple All Household members Other joint ownership Joint Ownership with non-household members
Alienation Rights Dis istributio ion of f Rig ight to Bequeath (% (%) 21.8 68.0 10.2 Dwelling Men unit 16.3 64.1 19.6 Women Agricultural Men 32.7 59.2 8.0 land 13.9 68.7 17.4 Women agricultural equipment 61.3 34.1 4.6 Men Large Women 12.5 72.5 15.0 Other real Men 41.2 53.2 5.5 estate 30.8 57.6 11.5 Women 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Exclusive right Jointly with others (consultative right) No right
Alienation Rights Dis istributio ion of f Rig ight to Sell ll (% (%) Dwelling Men 24.8 58.5 16.8 unit Women 18.8 54.2 27.0 Agricultural Men 35.1 51.1 13.8 land Women 18.6 57.4 24.0 agricultural equipment Men 63.0 30.1 6.9 Large Women 12.5 68.0 19.5 Other real Men 43.6 46.1 10.3 estate Women 30.1 50.0 19.8 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Exclusive right Jointly with others (consultative right) No right
Modes of Acquisition Dis istributio ion of f Ass sset Ownership, by Sex an and Mode of f Acq cquis isition (% (%) Dwelling Men 33.9 15.4 2.9 46.1 unit Women 32.3 9.4 39.4 17.0 ural land Agricult Men 42.9 15.6 38.2 Women 36.2 10.4 33.0 18.9 Enterpri Agricult Men 93.0 4.4 Non- ural ses Women 80.9 9.7 7.6 Men 42.8 13.9 3.2 38.5 Estate Other Real Women 40.5 11.6 20.8 26.3 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Founded or purchased Inherited Acquired due to marital law/custom Allocated/gift Government program Others
Non Non-agricultural Enterprises In Incidence of f Ownership of f Enterprise as as Mai ain or r Subsidiary Act ctiv ivity by Location and Sex (% (%) 10 9.3 Men Women 8 6.5 6 3.8 4 3.4 2.6 1.6 2 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.4 0 Main activity Subsidiary Main activity Subsidiary Main activity Subsidiary activity activity activity Rural Urban Total
Main Findings Men are more likely to own assets than women: ➢ Dwelling has the highest incidence of ownership among core assets. Dwelling-related disparity is more pronounced in documented ownership (almost 13 percentage points) compared to that in reported ownership (5 percentage points). ➢ The gender gap in the ownership of agricultural land is manifested in the fact that men are more than twice as likely to be documented owners as women. A 14-percentage point gender gap is observed for reported ownership of agricultural land. ➢ Comparison of the incidence of immoveable asset ownership by rural-urban residence revealed no significant differences for dwellings and other real estate. Overall, gender disparity related to owning immoveable assets is more evident in rural areas.
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