Future Neutrino Beams at Fermilab Gina Rameika NNN10 – Toyama, Japan December 14-16, 2010
Outline • Neutrinos and the Intensity Frontier • Neutrino Beams at Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) : MiniBooNE NuMI : MINOS, MINERvA • Near-term upgrades and operations NuMI for NOvA Proton economics and the BNB : MicroBooNE, future expt. • Longer-term projects and prospects LBNE Project X Rameika - NNN10 2
Three Frontiers for U.S. Particle Physics Rameika - NNN10 3
Fermilab Intensity Frontier Experiments NOvA MINOS Project X+LBNE MicroBooNE MiniBooNE LBNE mu, K, nuclear, … g-2? MINERvA Mu2e � Factory ?? SeaQuest SeaQuest 2019 2022 2013 2016 Now Rameika - NNN10 4 4
Present and Planned Accelerator Complex Rameika - NNN10 5
Components of a conventional accelerator neutrino beam • High energy protons hit a target • Unstable pion and kaon charged particles are produced • The pions and kaons are “focused” by a magnetic field to go in the desired direction • The pions and kaons decay into muons and muon type neutrinos • The direction of the magnetic field determines whether neutrinos or anti-neutrinos are (predominantly) generated Rameika - NNN10 6
Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) Short baseline – Near surface Rameika - NNN10 7
BNB flux � e Small intrinsic � e / � µ rate event ratio ~6x10 -3 Rameika - NNN10 8
Event spectra (for arbitrary POTs) Rameika - NNN10 9
Depends on other Proton Delivery to BNB demands for the protons Rameika - NNN10 10
Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) Constructed 2000-2004 to send Neutrinos to Soudan, Minnesota For the MINOS experiment Rameika - NNN10 11
100m 1200m Rameika - NNN10 12
Components of the NuMI Beam Neutrino beam spectra is tunable by arrangement of target-horn separations Rameika - NNN10 13
POT delivery to NuMI ~11x10 17 /day Rameika - NNN10 14
Off-axis Neutrino Beams Rameika - NNN10 15
NuMI to NOvA Need to upgrade the proton delivery rate to the NuMI target Rameika - NNN10 16
Accelerator and NuMI Upgrades (ANU) for NOvA • Changes to the FNAL Accelerator complex to Turn Recycler from pbar to proton ring Injection and extraction lines Associated kickers and instrumentation 53 MHz RF Decommission/remove pbar devices Shorten MI cycle to 1.33 seconds RF upgrades Power Supply upgrades Decommission/remove pbar devices NuMI target station to 700 kW Target & Horns to handle power Configuration to maximize neutrino flux (Medium Energy configuration) Rameika - NNN10 17
Context of ANU • Collider Era operation: 11 booster batches (2 to pbar), 3.5e13 on target, 2.2 second cycle 5 Hz from Booster 7.8e16/hour • NO v A Era operation: 12 booster batches, 4.9e13 on target, 1.33 second cycle No cycles 9 Hz from Booster to the 1.4e17/hour BNB in this plan Rameika - NNN10 18 18
NuMI NO v A† Design 400 700 Beam Power (kW) Low Medium Energy Spectrum Energy Energy Horn Power 1.87 1.33 Cycle time (s) Supply 4.0 × 10 13 4.9 × 10 13 Intensity (ppp) 1.0 1.3 Stripline Spot Size (mm) Morgue Primary Beamline Target Horn 1 Horn 2 Horn Work Cell Low Energy Med. Energy & Baffle (above shielding) Configuration Configuration Target Pile Air Cooling System (above shielding) Rameika - NNN10 Mike Martens, NOvA Target and Horns 19 19
Baffle: Aperture Increased from 11 mm to 13 mm diameter Alternative Clamp Material Minor Changes Target: No Remote Longitudinal Motion Larger Target Casing New Design Same Graphite Material, but wider target fins Carrier: No Remote Longitudinal Motion Simpler Construction New Design Thinner Outer Conductor Horn 1: Modified Stripline Geometry Modifications Additional Spray Cooling for 700 kW Horn 2 : No Change Rameika - NNN10 20 20
NOvA Numbers • “700 kW” peak 4.3e12 protons/batch from Booster 12 spills every 4/3 second = 9 Hz 13.9e16 p/hr. 95% efficiency in MI Comes out to 707 kW Booster has never provided this much • 6e20 Protons per year 44 weeks of running 61% total efficiency Downtimes (accelerator and NuMI) Average vs peak • Getting NOvA protons means that both the peak proton power and the efficiency need to be maximized Rameika - NNN10 21
Current Booster Performance • ~7.5 Hz (6.7 Hz w/ beam) Hardware capable of ~9 Hz • 1e17/hour (pushing administrative operational limits): aperture improvements and loss reduction • 89% efficiency Rameika - NNN10 22
Outlook for Booster Performance • The Booster appears presently able to produce about 13e16 protons/ hr at peak power Within ~10% of NOvA peak demand Recent Record week: 1.62e19 protons (9.6e16 p/hr) Good operational efficiency Limited by beam budget Reliability becomes an increasing issue as rep rate increases Not only a radiation problem Magnitude of this effect is not understood • Another looming issue is additional users mu2e @ 4.5 Hz (same or higher batch intensity) MicroBooNE at up to 5 Hz g-2 at up to 4 Hz • These can add up to easily 22e16 if Booster runs at 15 Hz Not enough cycles to service all experiments simultaneously Booster reliability is an issue Rameika - NNN10 23
Prospects for Increased Intensity • Booster performance has been improving, but must remain an issue for future operation Per batch intensity is at NOvA levels Running rate is near the (present) operational limit Extrapolating from the overhead in loss rates puts Booster performance near NOvA levels (at peak) Reliability of running at higher rates is a significant question and is not accounted for in the extrapolation Further experiments provide an additional risk • New study group formed What needs to be done to make the Booster run for ~15 years? What can be done to improve intensity reliability Rameika - NNN10 24
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From Report Summary Rameika - NNN10 26
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The Plan • To support program operation through 2025 Both the 8 GeV and the 120 GeV programs do need additional improvements Booster Solid State Upgrade Improved reliability of RF Power Amplifiers Increase repetition rate to 15 Hz Improved electrical infrastructure Improved cooling for RF cavities Requires solid state upgrade New shielding assessment and associated shielding improvements Operational limits Additional shielding in tunnel Office occupancy Rameika - NNN10 28
NOvA Timeline 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Requires $$$ for collider ops When 700kW operation begins depends on if the Tevtron collider runs past 2011 Rameika - NNN10 29
BNB/MicroBooNE Timeline Proton Intensity and running time depend on Collider schedule and NOvA readiness and run plan Rameika - NNN10 30
Take Away • Intensity frontier neutrino program for the next decade puts demands on the accelerator complex Improvements in both hardware and operational efficiency of the Booster complex will be required if the currently approved physics program is to be successful Rameika - NNN10 31
2008 P5 Report Rameika - NNN10 32
Fermilab to Homestake Mine – 1300km Rameika - NNN10 33
Why longer baseline is better 2 2 2 2 CC spectrum at 1300km, m = -2.5e-03 eV CC spectrum at 1300km, m = 2.5e-03 eV ! " ! " ! 31 ! 31 10000 0.1 10000 0.1 POT POT IH NH Appearance Probability 2 Appearance Probability 2 sin 2 % =0, $ = n/a sin 2 % =0, $ = n/a 13 cp 13 cp 9000 0.09 9000 0.09 21 21 2 2 sin 2 = 0.02, =- /2 sin 2 % = 0.02, $ =- # /2 % $ # CC evts/GeV/100kT/10 CC evts/GeV/100kT/10 13 cp 13 cp 8000 0.08 8000 0.08 2 2 sin 2 % = 0.02, $ =0 sin 2 = 0.02, =0 % $ 13 cp 13 cp 7000 0.07 7000 0.07 2 2 sin 2 = 0.02, = /2 sin 2 % = 0.02, $ = # /2 % $ # 13 cp 13 cp 6000 0.06 6000 0.06 5000 0.05 5000 0.05 4000 0.04 4000 0.04 ! ! 3000 0.03 3000 0.03 ! ! 2000 0.02 2000 0.02 1000 0.01 1000 0.01 0 0 0 0 1 10 1 10 E (GeV) E (GeV) ! ! � � � 1300km, 5yr , 5yr -bar, 700kW, 10kT =1. � � � 5yr , 5yr -bar, 700kW, 10kT =1. 200 -bars sin 2 2 θ 13 = 0.08,0.04,0.02,0.01 sin 2 2 θ 13 = 0.04 100 -bars 180 1300km e 90 � Number of 160 e � Number of 80 140 70 120 60 810km 100 50 80 40 60 30 40 20 10 20 0 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 � Number of s � Number of s e e Rameika - NNN10 34
NEW Rameika - NNN10 35
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Neutrino Beam Components Reference design for CDR Cost & Schedule Horn PS can switch polarity via control system Nu-nubar data in same time period Rameika - NNN10 38
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This intensity implies that The Long Baseline Exp. will need to run for a LONG time Rameika - NNN10 40
NEW Why 2.3 MW? Radiation exposures Need a plan to deal with the proton economics and ageing Accelerator complex Rameika - NNN10 41
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