Fungal contamination of paintings and sculptures inside an art repository: Considerations on the suitability of current norms and reference values concerning preventive conservation. Mesquita, N., Paiva de Carvalho, H., Trovão, J., Fernandez-Rodriguez, S., Pinheiro, A.C., Gomes, V., Alcoforado, A., Gil, F., Portugal, A.
The Machado de Castro National Museum Remarkable Museum in the city of Coimbra, Established in 1913 Holds a vast asset of sacral artworks, paintings, textiles and sculptures
The Machado de Castro National Museum Built over a Roman Cryptoporticus (dated I a.C) Hosted the Political, Administrative and Religious life of Aeminium The ancient roman name of the city of Coimbra
The Machado de Castro National Museum It was recently modernised by the architect Gonçalo Byrne New facilities, storage rooms and HVAC systems
The Story Cut Short The museum remodelling and reconstruction process took a few years Some art works (sculptures and paintings) were covered by plastic foils This created micro-environments that facilitated fungal establishment and growth Absence of proper agent identification allowed their growth, and eventual cross-contamination A preventive conservation issue…
Fungal Contamination of Sculptures and Paintings
Fungal Contamination of Sculptures and Paintings
Objectives - Assess the diversity of fungal contaminants (air and objects) - Relate the species with the observed deterioration phenomena - Ascertain the cross-contamination and spreading potential of propagules
The Storage Room
The Storage Room Located below ground Equipped with proper HVAC systems Regularly monitored RH - Stabilised to 60% * Regularly monitored Temperature - Stabilised to 21ºC * (* Recommended values; Bickersteth, 2016)
Fungal Isolation - Air Analysis Air sampling I IV VII Fungal propagules were collected in 12 different X sampling points II V VIII In each season, during a 1-year period III VI IX Using a Biocollector (SAS Super ISO 100) XI Into Malt Extract Agar plates (with streptomycin) Incubated at 28ºC for 7 days XII Painting storage room I-XII : Sampling points
Fungal Isolation - Surface samples Surface sampling Fungi were isolated from: 7 Contaminated Sculptures (Wood) 8 Contaminated Paintings (Wood board and Canvas) Using Sterile Cotton Swabs Malt Extract Agar and Potato Dextrose Agar (with streptomycin) Incubated at 28ºC for 7 days
Fungal Identification Workflow All samples (direct and air sampling) isolated into axenic cultures DNA extraction ITS Region amplification by PCR Sanger Sequencing BLAST run Molecular identification complemented with morphological identification
Results - Surface - Isolated Species Sculptures Paintings Aspergillus ustus Aspergillus sclerotiorum Aspergillus versicolor Aspergillus versicolor Chaetomium globosum Chaetomium globosum Penicillium citrinum Daldinia sp. Penicillium copticola Penicillium oxalicum Penicillium sp. Phlebiopsis gigantea Pithomyces chartarum
Results - Air - Isolated Species Air sampling 150 fungal isolates 24 genera 43 species
15 23 30 0 8 Alternaria alternata Alternaria infectoria Arthrinium arundinis Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus ochraceus Aspergillus versicolor Bjerkandera adusta Botrytis cinerea Chaetomium globosum Cladosporium cladosporioides Cladosporium sp. Daldinia concentrica Engyodontium album Epicoccum nigrum Eutypella scoparia Gloeoporus dichrous Hyphodermella corrugata Hyphodermella rosea Lecanicillium tenuipes Ochroconis mirabilis Penicillium carneum Penicillium cecidicola Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillium citrinum Penicillium citrionigrum Penicillium copticola Results - Air - Isolated Species Penicillium corylophilum Penicillium crustosum Penicillium dendriticum Penicillium funiculosum Penicillium olsonii Penicillium purporogenum Penicillium ramulosum Penicillium sp. Penicillium spinulosum Phanerochaete sordida Phlebia subserialis Phlebiopsis gigantea Pithomyces chartarum Psathyrella candolleana Summer Winter Spring Schizophyllum commune Autumn Stereum hirsutum Trametes versicolor
15 23 30 0 8 Alternaria alternata Alternaria infectoria Arthrinium arundinis Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus ochraceus Aspergillus versicolor Bjerkandera adusta Botrytis cinerea Chaetomium globosum Cladosporium cladosporioides Cladosporium sp. Daldinia concentrica Engyodontium album Epicoccum nigrum Eutypella scoparia according to portuguese guidelines Gloeoporus dichrous Hyphodermella corrugata hazardous for human health Hyphodermella rosea Lecanicillium tenuipes Ochroconis mirabilis Penicillium carneum Penicillium cecidicola Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillium citrinum Penicillium citrionigrum Penicillium copticola Results - Air - Isolated Species Penicillium corylophilum Penicillium crustosum Penicillium dendriticum Penicillium funiculosum Penicillium olsonii Penicillium purporogenum Penicillium ramulosum Penicillium sp. Penicillium spinulosum Phanerochaete sordida Phlebia subserialis Phlebiopsis gigantea Pithomyces chartarum Psathyrella candolleana Summer Winter Spring Schizophyllum commune Autumn Stereum hirsutum Trametes versicolor
15 23 30 0 8 Alternaria alternata Alternaria infectoria Arthrinium arundinis Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus ochraceus Aspergillus versicolor Bjerkandera adusta Botrytis cinerea Chaetomium globosum Cladosporium cladosporioides Cladosporium sp. Daldinia concentrica Engyodontium album Epicoccum nigrum Eutypella scoparia Gloeoporus dichrous and guidelines, the list increases If we add some other references Hyphodermella corrugata Hyphodermella rosea Lecanicillium tenuipes Ochroconis mirabilis Penicillium carneum Penicillium cecidicola Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillium citrinum Penicillium citrionigrum Penicillium copticola Results - Air - Isolated Species Penicillium corylophilum Penicillium crustosum Penicillium dendriticum Penicillium funiculosum Penicillium olsonii Penicillium purporogenum Penicillium ramulosum Penicillium sp. Penicillium spinulosum Phanerochaete sordida Phlebia subserialis Phlebiopsis gigantea Pithomyces chartarum Psathyrella candolleana Summer Winter Spring Schizophyllum commune Autumn Stereum hirsutum Trametes versicolor
15 23 30 0 8 Alternaria alternata Alternaria infectoria Arthrinium arundinis Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus ochraceus Aspergillus versicolor Bjerkandera adusta Botrytis cinerea Chaetomium globosum Cladosporium cladosporioides Cladosporium sp. Daldinia concentrica Engyodontium album Epicoccum nigrum to art objects in museum environments reported as potential biodeteriogens Eutypella scoparia Gloeoporus dichrous Hyphodermella corrugata Hyphodermella rosea Lecanicillium tenuipes Ochroconis mirabilis Penicillium carneum Penicillium cecidicola Penicillium chrysogenum Penicillium citrinum Penicillium citrionigrum Penicillium copticola Results - Air - Isolated Species Penicillium corylophilum Penicillium crustosum Penicillium dendriticum Penicillium funiculosum Penicillium olsonii Penicillium purporogenum Penicillium ramulosum Penicillium sp. Penicillium spinulosum Phanerochaete sordida Phlebia subserialis Phlebiopsis gigantea Pithomyces chartarum Psathyrella candolleana Summer Winter Spring Schizophyllum commune Autumn Stereum hirsutum Trametes versicolor
Results - Air - CFU Counts CFU counts / m 3 per sample point / season Summer Autumn Winter Spring I 15 30 20 50 II 20 30 30 13 III 50 50 45 0 IV 20 13 15 50 V 20 50 10 50 VI 30 70 42 10 VII 28 18 13 10 VIII 45 10 80 10 IX 23 18 38 13 X 20 30 25 50 XI 25 10 45 13 XII 30 45 32 15 Average 27,17 31,17 32,92 23,67
Results - Isolated Species Matching species between paintings and sculptures: Aspergillus versicolor and Chaetomium globosum Matching species between air samples isolates and the artworks: Aspergilus versicolor, Chaetomium globosum, Penicillium copticola, Penicillium citrinum, Phlebiopsis gigantea and Pithomyces chartarum
Results - Isolated Species Despite the “according-to-guidelines” CFU counts inside the room (< 100 CFU/m 3 ), controlled temperature and RH, and presence of HVAC systems with HEPA filters: Many fungal species with biodeterioration capability were found Several potentially harmful species (according to portuguese guidelines) were present Cross-contamination and dispersion were likely to occur in this repository
Examples of guidelines regarding CFUs Limit (CFU/m 3 ) Country Reference 150 for a mixture of several species 50 for particular species Cieplik (1997) Poland 500 for common airborne fungal contaminants Karbowska-Berent, Górny, Strzelczyk & Wlaz ł o, 2011 200 Parchas, 2009 120 France Flieder & Capderou, 2000 100 Italy MIBAC, 2001 150 • 0-25, no expected problems • 25-100, possible presence of source, further testing needed Dutch National archives The Netherlands Brokerhof, van Zanen, & den Teuling, 2007 • 100-1000, source present, mould often observed on objects • 1000, active mould growth
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