From Human From Human Regulations Regulations to to Regulated Regulated to eInstitutions eInstitutions Software Agents Agents’ Behaviour. ’ Behaviour. Software (eInstitutions: (eInstitutions: the KEMLG@UPC and IS@Utrecht view) the KEMLG@UPC and IS@Utrecht view) Regulations to Human Regulations Javier Vázquez-Salceda May 20, 2005 From Human From http://www.lsi.upc.es/~webia/KEMLG eInstitutions to eInstitutions MOTIVATION MOTIVATION Regulations to Human Regulations From Human From http://www.lsi.upc.es/~webia/KEMLG
eInstitutions and Norms and Norms eInstitutions Institutions... ... Electronic Institutions � Norms Norms describe which states/actions within the � e-organization should ideally take place � Norms Norms are too abstract to be directly translated into � and Electronic procedures (plans/protocols) in a single step � Most of the approaches talk about norms norms, but a close- up look shows that they are working at completely different levels of abstraction levels of abstraction Norms and � Idea: there are several levels of abstraction several levels of abstraction involved in of Norms a normative system role of � Organizations hardly work in isolation The role � Idea: to identify how the organization’s surrounding The context influences the different levels context 3 ... Institutions... State of State of the the Art Art (I) (I) Electronic Institutions Agent-centric View Society-centric View t c Normative Level s a m r t r s o b N A and Electronic Theoretical Approaches Approaches Theoretical e t s e m r c r n o o N C Descriptive Level Rules Norms and Practical Approaches Approaches Practical of Norms Procedures role of The role 1 Ag. 2 Ag. One-to-One Single ill-structured Social Structures The Agent interactions interactions 4
... Institutions... Normative MAS: state of the Art (II) tate of the Art (II) Normative MAS: s Electronic Institutions t c Normative Level a r t s [O, P, F] b A and Electronic [E, G, H] E x:a A e Delliberative t e Normative r c OperA n Agents o C Descriptive Level s Norms and 3APL e l u R GAIA of Norms l TROPOS a r u d EIDE e JACK, JADE, c o FIPA OS r role of P The role 1 Ag. 2 Ag. Single One-to-One ill-structured Social Structures The Agent interactions interactions 5 ... Institutions... Gap between Normative and Descriptive Gap between Normative and Descriptive Electronic Institutions Laws, Laws, Laws, regulations regulations t regulations c Normative Level a r t s b A and Electronic e t e ? r ? c n o C Descriptive Level s Norms and e l u R of Norms Dialogical Framework l Agent roles a EIDE r u Performative structure d dialogical perspective Scenes e c o Conversational graphs r P role of The role The 6
Institutions... ... Example: Organ and Tissue Distribution Example: Organ and Tissue Distribution Electronic Institutions Spanish Spanish Spanish EU EU Laws, Laws, EU statutes statutes Spanish Spanish Spanish Spanish EU EU Laws, statutes Spanish Spanish EU Directives Directives Directives (equality (equality regulations regulations decrees decrees regulations regulations Recomendations Recomendations t c (equality regulations decrees regulations Recomendations Normative Level a privacy) privacy) r t privacy) s b A and Electronic e t e ? r ? c n o C Descriptive Level s Norms and e l u R Spanish Spanish of Norms Spanish Dialogical Framework procedures procedures procedures l Agent roles a EIDE r u Performative structure d dialogical perspective e Scenes c o Conversational graphs r role of P Spanish Spanish The role Spanish practice practice practice The 7 ... Institutions... Abstraction problem Abstraction problem Electronic Institutions Problems: • Norms are more abstract than the procedures (in purpose) • and Electronic Norms do not have operational semantics • Example: Norms and of Norms Regulation: “It is forbidden to discriminate potential recipients of an organ based on their age (race, religion,...)” Formal norm: F(discriminate(x,y,age)) role of The role Procedure: does not contain action “discriminate” The 8
... Institutions... Filling the gap Filling the gap Electronic Institutions Laws, Laws, Laws, too abstract too abstract and and regulations regulations regulations vague vague and Electronic more concrete more concrete Language for norms Language for norms Language for norms (Formal & Computational) (Formal & Computational) Norms and of Norms Electronic Institutions Electronic Institutions Normative Agents Normative Agents Norms in Norms in Norm enforcement Norm enforcement role of delliberation delliberation mechanisms mechanisms cycle cycle The role The 9 ... Institutions... Filling the gap Filling the gap Electronic Institutions Laws, Laws, Laws, too abstract abstract and and too regulations regulations regulations vague vague and Electronic more concrete more concrete Normative Description Normative Description Normative Description Design (Deontic, Formal) (Deontic, Formal) guidance, Traceability Maintenance Norms and Operational Description Operational Description Operational Description (Operational, Computational) (Operational, Computational) of Norms Normative Agents Electronic Institutions Electronic Institutions Normative Agents role of Norms in Norms in Norm enforcement Norm enforcement The role delliberation delliberation mechanisms mechanisms cycle cycle The 10
eInstitutions to eInstitutions From ABSTRACT ABSTRACT to to CONCRETE CONCRETE From Regulations to Human Regulations From Human From http://www.lsi.upc.es/~webia/KEMLG ... ONTOLOGIES Institutions... ONTOLOGIES E- -INSTITUTION INSTITUTION CONTEXT E CONTEXT Electronic Institutions ABSTRACT LEVEL STATUTES •Values Generic Human •Objectives Law Terms •Context Domain and Electronic Regulations CONCRETE LEVEL •Context-specific Norms Terms •Context-specific Norms and Actions of Norms Operational Description PROCEDURE LEVEL Domain Procedures Communication role of Procedural ontologies The role •XML Implementation The 12
Institutions... ... Problem 1: Abstraction in Norms Problem 1: Abstraction in Norms Electronic Institutions Norms are abstract abstract if they use concepts that are not fully � described in the organization’s ontology. and Electronic “It is forbidden to discriminate based on age” � Norms can be abstract in the following ways: � They refer to an abstract action abstract action � Norms and They use terms terms that are vague vague � of Norms They abstract from temporal aspects temporal aspects � They abstract from agents agents and or roles roles � They refer to actions or situations that are not not (directly) role of � controllable and/or verifiable verifiable by the organization controllable The role The 13 ... Institutions... Problem 1: Abstraction in Norms Problem 1: Abstraction in Norms Electronic Institutions � example 1: Abstract actions “a living donor should consent consent to the donation of an organ” and Electronic sign(donor,contract) ∪ carry(donor,will) ∪ ≡ ONT Consent(donor) tell(donor,family) � example 2: Vague terms Norms and “the ONT is obliged to ensure that the distribution of organs of Norms and tissues is appropriate appropriate” O ONT (ensure_quality(organ)) ∧ ≡ ONT O ONT (appropriate(distribution)) role of O ONT (ensure_compatibility(organ, recipient)) The role The 14
Institutions... ... From Normative Normative to to Operational Operational From Electronic Institutions � Translation from Normative Normative dimension to a Descriptive Descriptive one � Idea: reduction from Deontic Deontic Logic Logic to Dynamic Dynamic Logic Logic and Electronic [J.-J. Meyer] O hosp (consent(donor(p,x)) < do(transplant(hosp,x,p,q))) Norms and [transplant(hosp,x,p,q))]done(consent(donor)) of Norms O buyer (pay(goods,seller,price) < do(exit(buyer))) role of not(done(pay(goods,seller,price))) [exit(buyer)]V(fine(buyer)) The role The 15 Example Example ... Institutions... Electronic Institutions ABSTRACT LEVEL LAWS LAWS O ONT (appropriate(distribution)) and Electronic CONCRETE LEVEL O ONT (ensure_appropriateness(organ,recipient) < do(assign(organ,recipient))) O CARREL (ensure_appropriateness(organ,recipient) < do(assign(organ,recipient))) Norms and of Norms [assign(organ,recipient)]done(ensure_appropriateness(organ,recipient)) PROCEDURE LEVEL role of ensure_appropriateness(o,r) assign(o,r) ensure_ ensure_quality The role compatibility The 16
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