From Cognition to Emotion: An Overview of OCC Andrew Ortony - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

From Cognition to Emotion: An Overview of OCC Andrew Ortony Northwestern University 1

Ultra-simple Model Cognitive Foundations of Group Attitudes and Social Interactions Individual Attitudes Cognition * 2

Simple Model Group Attitudes and Social Interactions Individual Attitudes Differentiated Affect Cognition Undifferentiated Affect * 3

Affect . . . .  has to do with value — valence : positive-negative, good- bad, beneficial-harmful, etc.  more general than emotion: includes feelings, moods, preferences, attitudes, as well as emotions  can be undifferentiated or differentiated • simple good-bad, positive-negative feelings • more complex feelings, elaborated with meaning * 4

Affect . . . .  Everything important in our lives is affectively colored  Most affective coloring has cognitive content or cognitive antecedents, i.e., it is emotional  Attitudes are affectively tinged (i.e., evaluative) beliefs  Key issue concerns affective or emotional rather than cognitive foundations  But we can explore the foundational role of cognition in emotion * 5

Affect in Attitudes and Social Interaction  Attitudes are valenced beliefs — emotional foundations  Emotions vs. Attitudes • Feelings vs. dispositions to feel • Except for “sacred” values, attitudes can change  Emotions also drive social interactions  So, we need a theory of the cognition-emotion relation  Best candidates are “appraisal” theories: emotions result from appraising (evaluating) events or things 6 *

Different appraisal theories, different foci  Specificity at level of individual emotions  Serious attention to emotional coping  Serious attention to emotional intensity  Serious attention to motivation-emotion connection  Serious attention to temporal trajectory issues  Amenable to implementation * 7

Different appraisal theories, different foci  e.g., Rainer Reisenzein and Stacy Marsella (and Gratch) • Reisenzein’s CBDTE : Computational Belief-Desire Theory of Emotion 1 focus on desires (motivation) rather than appraisals (beliefs) • Gratch & Marsella’s EMA : Emotion and Adaptation 2 attends to change over time  In computational contexts, most widely used is OCC 1. Reisenzein , R. (2009). Emotional experience in the Computational Belief-Desire Theory of Emotion. Emotion Review, 1 , 214-222. 2. Inspired by Lazarus, as in Smith , C. A., & Lazarus , R. (1990). Emotion and Adaptation. In Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of Personality: theory and research (pp. 609-637). NY: Guilford Press, and Clark Elliott ’s Affective Reasoner, based on OCC . 8 *

Different appraisal theories, different foci: OCC foci  Specificity at level of individual emotions  Serious attention to emotional coping  Serious attention to emotional intensity  Serious attention to motivation-emotion connection  Serious attention to temporal trajectory issues  Amenable to implementation * 9

So, what is OCC? Andrew O rtony Gerald C lore Allan C ollins The cognitive structure of emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press (1988). 10

Who does what, and where, with OCC?  Formalized in BDI logic – right here in Toulouse!  Sentiment analysis – Tokyo  Embodied artificial characters – Eindhoven  3D virtual characters – China  Integrating with WordNet – Trento  Affect perception in educational software – Greece  Agents making moral decisions – London  All sorts of stuff at DFKI – Saarbrücken • OCC + emotion + DFKI > 6000 hits! • OCC + emotion > 430,000 hits 11 *

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What is an emotion?  OCC view: • Valenced reaction to a construal of environment  Much disagreement, but three main components • Cognitive-interpretive component appraisal of the world in self-relevant terms * 13

Cognitive-Interpretive Component Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes Subjective-Experiential Component 14

What is an emotion?  OCC view: • Valenced reaction to a construal of environment  Much disagreement, but three main components • Cognitive-interpretive component appraisal of the world in self-relevant terms • Somatic component: ANS and bodily effects * 15

Cognitive-Interpretive Component Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes Subjective-Experiential Component Somatic Component Shaking/Trembling/ Sweating/Piloerection/ Butterflies 16

What is an emotion?  OCC view: • Valenced reaction to a construal of environment  Much disagreement, but three main components • Cognitive-interpretive component appraisal of the world in self-relevant terms • Somatic component: ANS and bodily effects • Motivational-behavioral component: inclinations to act (or not), and actual actions (or inactions) * 17

Cognitive-Interpretive Component Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes Subjective-Experiential Component Motivational-Behavioral Somatic Component Component Shaking/Trembling/ Urges/Inclinations/Actions/ Sweating/Piloerection/ Facial Expressions/Laughing/ Butterflies Crying 18

Cognitive-Interpretive Component Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes . . . all interacting . . . Subjective-Experiential Component Motivational-Behavioral Somatic Component Component Shaking/Trembling/ Urges/Inclinations/Actions/ Sweating/Piloerection/ Facial Expressions/Laughing/ Butterflies Crying 19

Cognitive-Interpretive Component Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes Subjective-Experiential Component Motivational-Behavioral Somatic Component Component Shaking/Trembling/ Urges/Inclinations/Actions/ Sweating/Piloerection/ Facial Expressions/Laughing/ Butterflies Crying 20

. . . all interacting to give . . . . . . what we think of as the experienced emotion. . . . . . the subjective-experiential component, the subjective feeling of beliefs, desires, sensations, etc. * 21

Cognitive-Interpretive Component Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes Subjective-Experiential Component Motivational-Behavioral Somatic Component Component Shaking/Trembling/ Urges/Inclinations/Actions/ Sweating/Piloerection/ Facial Expressions/Laughing/ Butterflies Crying 22

Cognitive-Interpretive Component Goals/Wishes/Expectations/ Norms/Standards/Principles/ Tastes/Attitudes  OCC is about the cognitive-interpretive component Subjective-Experiential Component • appraisal of the world in self-relevant terms • mental representations that underlie emotions • factors that influence intensity 23

OCC main claims  start with appraisals, not emotion words  people appraise the world in terms of their concerns • my concerns ≠ your concerns  different kinds of concerns relate to different kinds of representations • goals, standards, tastes  different kinds of representations underlie (three) different classes of emotions • motivational (goals), moral (standards), aesthetic (tastes)  emotion intensity must be taken seriously  “cognitive” does not mean conscious 24 *

Overall structure of emotion types 25

elicitors EVENTS, AGENTS, OR OBJECTS appraised in terms of representations goals norms/standards tastes/attitudes (for events) (for agents’ actions) (for objects) criteria praiseworthiness appealingness desirability joy distress anger pride hope gratitude shame love fear hate emotions gratification admiration relief remorse reproach disappointment etc. etc. etc . etc. _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ GOAL-BASED COMPOUND NORM-BASED TASTE-BASED 26 EMOTIONS EMOTIONS EMOTIONS EMOTIONS

The least cognitively differentiated group 27

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HOPE EMOTIONS TYPE SPECIFICATION: (pleased about) the prospect of a desirable event TOKENS: anticipatory excitement, looking forward to, hope, etc. VARIABLES AFFECTING INTENSITY: (1) the desirability of the event (2) The likelihood of the event IF PROSPECT(p, e, t) AND DESIRE (p, e, t) > 0 THEN set HOPE-POTENTIAL (p, e, t) = f(|DESIRE (p, e, t)| , LIKELIHOOD (p, e, t)) IF HOPE-POTENTIAL (p, e, t) > HOPE-THRESHOLD (p, t) THEN set HOPE-INTENSITY (p, e, t) = HOPE-POTENTIAL (p, e, t) – HOPE-THRESHOLD (p, t) 32

DISAPPOINTMENT EMOTIONS TYPE SPECIFICATION: (displeased about) the disconfirmation of the prospect of a desirable event ( i.e., a bad feeling about something potentially positive that didn’t transpire) TOKENS: dashed hopes, despair, disappointment, frustration, heartbroken, etc. VARIABLES AFFECTING INTENSITY: (1) the intensity of the attendant hope emotion (2) the effort expended in trying to attain the event (3) the degree to which the event was realized IF HOPE (p, e, t) > 0 AND BELIEVE (p, not (e), t2) THEN set DISAPPOINTMENT-POTENTIAL (p, e, t2) = f(|HOPE (p, e, t), EFFORT (p, e), REALIZATION (e, t2), Ig (p, e, t2)|) IF DISAPPOINTMENT-POTENTIAL (p, e, t2) > DISAPPOINTMENT-THRESHOLD (p, t2) THEN set DISAPPOINTMENT-INTENSITY (p, e, t2) = DISAPPOINTMENT-POTENTIAL (p, e, t2) – DISAPPOINTMENT-THRESHOLD (p, t2) 33

Ultimately, emotions are different ways of feeling good or bad, for example: * 34