Food Source Imp pacts on Surface Treatments a s and Aerosols Frank Art Arthur USDA-ARS- -GMPRC Manhattan, K , KS 66502
Integrated Pest Pest Management • We generally think of s f starting on a small scale, then becoming m g more broad • Might see this as going ing from contact sprays, then to aerosols, and t d then fumigation • Why this talk in a conferen nference with sulfuryl fluoride?
Contact Ins Insecticides • General surface: can b be used anywhere in the facility • Crack & crevice: direct rect spray band into the opening ed as 2 ft 2 or less, • Spot: usually defined a restrictions on number er of “spots”
Factors Affecting ting Performance • Insect species vary in in susceptibility, red and confused flour beetles es fairly tolerant • Some insecticides, and nd formulations, are better than others • Perhaps the biggest fa factor is the presence of food during or after ins er insecticide exposure
Red flour be ur beetle (RFB) Tribolium c castaneum
Confused flour ur beetle (CFB) Tribolium c lium confusum
Why These se Species? • Common pests of stored ored food • These species are genera enerally more difficult to kill than smaller beetles eetles • CFB adults do not fly, R , RFB adults fly at ~ 80- 85°F, minimizes escape ape into facility
Examp ample 1 • Studies with cyfluthrin rin (Tempo) WP • Adult red flour beetles es exposed for 15 - 120 minutes on treated con oncrete • Removed, held for 1 w week, either given food or not given food • Residual tests conducted cted for 0-10 weeks
Red flour beetle on on concrete treated WP, 3.8 mg [AI]/ft 2 with cyfluthrin WP, With foo ood after exposure Without ut food after exposure 100 Percent Survival 80 60 40 20 4 6 8 10 Bioassay Week 0 120 2 90 60 0 Minutes of Exp 30 xposure
Examp ample 2 • Chlorfenapyr (Phantom om) • Termiticide, BASF spon onsored studies to evaluate residual effica icacy for stored-product insects • Red flour beetle and co confused flour beetle are now on the pesticid icide label
Presence nce of Food • Red flour beetles expo posed on concrete treated with Phantom (differen erent rates and times) • Either given a flour foo food source or not given food after exposure • Increase in survival wit with food; example shown is maximum label rate, te, 8 hour exposure time
Concrete Exp xposure Arena
% RFB survival, al, 8-h exposure 100 2 Survival: 0.03 oz/yd 80 60 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 Days Afte fter Exposure
Examp ample 3 • Residual studies beta- -cyfluthrin (Tempo SC Ultra) • Product is 1lb/gallon a active ingredient, half the strength of the old lder formulation • Low and high label rat rates, high label rate is about 1.8 mg AI/ft 2 (h (half that of old WP)
Tests With Red ed Flour Beetle • Adults exposed on con oncrete treated with high label rate-5, 10, 15, 20 20, 25, and 30 minutes • Knockdown assessed a after exposure • Beetles transferred to P o Petri dishes, held for 1 week with or without f t food • Survival assessed at 2, 2, 5 and 7 days
Red Flour Beetle etle-2 Days Later No Flour 100 Flour 80 % "Running" 60 40 20 0 0 10 10 20 30 Exposur ure Interval (min)
Red Flour Beetle etle-5 Days Later 100 80 % "Running" 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 Exposure ure Interval (min)
Red Flour Beetle etle-7 Days Later 100 80 % "Running" 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 Exposure ure Interval (min)
Results For Te Tempo SC Ultra • Similar results to Temp po WP and Phantom • Presence of food increa reased survival at the identical exposure times mes • What about residual co control, longer times? Will see the same effec fects, consistent with different insecticide cla classes
Aerosols/Fogs/ULV s/ULV Defined • Aerosols (Fogs, ULVs) s) are liquid formulations, atomized and applied ed through a nozzle • Kill exposed flying or c r crawling insects • They do not penetrate rate food material, packaging, equipment ent, etc. (Not Fumigants) • Aerosols and fumigant nts sometimes are used interchangeably
Field Trials ld Trials • Active commercial food od storage facility • Tests conducted in one ne room, approximately (600,000 ft 3 ) 225’L x 75’W x 35’H (6
Partial View of t f the Test Room
ULV Sys System • An installed ULV system tem on a timer, dispensed particle size ze about 15 microns • Insecticide was a mixtu ixture of 1% pyrethrin+ synergists, applications ns were made according to label specifications f s for this formulation • Trials conducted on 5 d 5 different dates with the red flour beetle and th the confused flour beetle
Methods of of Exposure • 15 positions on the floo loor of the testing area (5 on side walls, 5 in cen center, all front to back) • Ten adult CFB and RFB FB exposed in dishes (lined filter paper); w o or w/o 250 mg of flour; 4-week old larvae and d pupae with flour • Dishes exposed to ULV LV fog for 2 hours, controls were held in a a separate room
Position of Dishes, es, sets 1-5 and 11-15 between wall and p d pallets, X is nozzles 120 160 200 40 80 1 4 2 5 3 20 NORTH 10 X X 6 7 8 9 40 60 15 12 1 13 14 11
Fog distribution n from 2 nozzles suspended fro from the ceiling
RFB Adults ults-No Flour 100 Survival Percentage Response KD 80 Mortality 60 40 20 0 7-day ays 14-days Time Af After Exposure
CFB Adults ults-No Flour 100 Percentage Response Survival KD 80 Mortality 60 40 20 0 7-days 14-days Time After ter Exposure
Adult Survival: F Survival: Flour vs No Flour 20 No Flour % Survival-7 days Flour 15 10 5 0 CFB RFB Beetle tle Species
Sanitatio Sanitation • Hard to define, even ha harder to quantify • However, we can show ow in laboratory studies the effects of a food so source • How can you clean an n entire mill or food warehouse-you can’t! • You can clean and mon onitor vulnerable areas
How do yo you Clean? • Vacuum lines excellent ent harborages • So is cleaning equipmen ent, trash bags, dumpsters, etc. • Problem on an industria trial setting, especially during the warmer mon onths • Still, you can make a ca case for sanitation
Why This Talk in This in This Conference • Do the concepts relate te to fumigation? • Fumigants penetrate, d e, different from surface insecticides or aerosols ols-efficacy might be OK • Does the presence of f f food material affect re-infestation or popula ulation rebound • How about customer sa er satisfaction?
Summ mary • Food material has an o obvious effect on insect survival for contact insec nsecticides and aerosols • Could affect overall perf erformance of fumigants, particularly rly re-infestation • We need much more res re research in actual field sites and commercial fa l facilities
For More Info nformation • frank.arthur@ars.usda. da.gov www.ars.usda.gov/npa pa/gmprc/spiru/arthur • Phone: 785-776-2783 • www.ars.usda.gov/npa pa/gmprc/spiru
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