Food loss and waste: tools, models and future indicators Prof. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

PROYECTO NUCIF Webinar on Circular Economy Food loss and waste: tools, models and future indicators Prof. Mariantonietta Fiore

Agenda  Background  Defining Food Losses and Waste  The possible causes/origines  The role of circular economy  Tools/policies for reducing FLW  The main Projects  The WIPs  Pubblications  Conclusions

Personal background • Award for the project NEW R.A.I.L. (Reducing Agro ‐ food Inter ‐ chain Losses) (2014)_national call ‘ Future in research’ • PRIN (2012) ‘National Interest Research’ call_Long Life High Sustainability’ • Collaboration with the FAO (dott. Bin Liu) • Census of research initiatives and researchers on the Food loss and waste topic (within G20 initiative) https://www.global-flw-research.org/experts/ • Personal belief, behaviour aimed at an ethical management and respect for all humans, natural and food resources

Theoretical and policy background • Schanes & Gonez, 2018; Ruter, 2018; Shepon, 2018 • Ju et al., 2017; Raak et al., 2017; Gutierrez et al., 2017 • Thyberg et al., 2016; Cicatiello et al., 2016 SCOPUS search with • Zwier et al., 2015; Jorissen et al., 2015; Eberle &Fels, 2015 ‘food losses’ in Keywords, abstract, Article title listed • Koester, 2014; FUSIONS, 2014; FAO 2014 over 300 papers • OECD, 2013; Davies, 2013; Bond et al., 2013; Addy, 2013 • Koester 2012; Buzby et al., 2012; Kummu et al., 2012 • Venkat, 2011; Sullivan, 2011; Bell et al., 2011 • Parfitt et al., 2010; WRAP, 2010; NRI, 2009; WRAP, 2008

Ethical background • Approximately 1/3 of total planned food production is lost or wasted from pre-harvest to fork …… (FAO, 2016) • The reduction of food losses has an immediate and significant ethic-socio-economic impact. • The high impact of food losses comes up against the high percentage of undernourishment around the world (FAO, 2014; Fiore et al., 2015, Ruter, 2018) • The policy and research goals should aim at improving food security and decreasing unethical behaviour by avoiding food waste in some parts of the world while people suffer from hunger in other parts (Koester et al., 2018)

Data from FAO (2016)

Some pictures to understand … Food losses Food waste

See the picture below (FAO, 2017)

Definition of ‘Loss’ in Dictionary (Treccani vocabulary) • To be deprived, temporarily or permanently, of use, availability, faculty • To be deprived of an advantage, a condition • Decreasing in the value of a quantity INEFFICIENCY FROM FIELD TO FORK

Food Losses (FAO, 2014) 1. Food loss (FL) The decrease in quantity or quality of food. 2. Quantitative food loss The decrease in mass of food. 3. Qualitative food loss The decrease of quality attributes of food.

Food waste (Thyberg and Tonies, 2016) The oldest definition Food waste is the destruction or deterioration of food or the use of crops, livestock and livestock products in ways which return relatively little human food value (Kling, 1943). The newest definitions Food waste is a subset of food loss and occurs when an edible item goes unconsumed. Only food that is still edible at the time of disposal is considered waste (USDA, 2014) Food loss and waste refers to food, as well as associated inedible parts, removed from the food supply chain (WRI, 2015)

FLW over the world (FAO, 2014) Developing countries: mainly loss • Crop production, harvesting • Storage, processing, packaging, transportation • Market access, market systems Industrialized countries: mainly waste • Supply > demand • Negligence • Consumer choice

The possible Causes/Origines  lack of coordination between the different actors in the chain  logistic and retailer issues  the presence of the certification rules that reject foods not perfect in form or appearance  consumer preferences for certain aesthetic standards  non-use or sub-optimal use of available technologies  social factors and dynamics  heterogeneity in typology and mission of stakeholders  the people's behavior (by us)

The role of circular economy Circular Economy introduces biomass valorization, processes based on bio-economy development and waste reduction. Industrial ecology is connected to Circular Economy and plays a significant role in connecting sustainability concepts into economic systems and chains by creating a virtuous network ( Sacchi Homrich et al., 2018; Loiseau et al., 2016; Misso et al., 2013; Lombardi and Laybourn, 2012).

The role of circular economy According to the Eurostat estimations, 600 million tones were possible for recycling or reuse (Drejerska et al., 2018) . Households contribute significantly to waste generation. Only 40% of their waste is reused or recycled (EC, 2018). Circular Economy should exploit nature's cycles for preserving materials, energy and nutrients and for re-using waste fluxes in order to give advantage to nature and human society, and to also increase employment and participative decision-making (Korhonen et al., 2018; Tukker, 2015).

The tools/policies for reducing FLW (1)  High functionalization of packaging (Yokokawa et al., 2018)  Shelf life extension (Gutierrez et al., 2017)  Logistics solutions (Liljestrand, 2017)  Enforcing social emotions (Vyrastekova 2017)  Utilisation of loss as livestock feed (Thieme and Makkar, 2017)  National and regional laws and protocols  Prevention/reduction systems and recycling/re-use of municipal waste (Silvenius et al., 2014; Stefan et al., 2012; WRAP, 2009)

The tools/policies for reducing FLW (2)  Educational marketing campaigns (FAO, 2014; WRAP, 2009)  Reducing FWaste generation (Fiore et al., 2017; Young et al., 2010)  Pay-as-you-throw volume based pricing (Thyberg and Tonjes, 2015)  Doggy-bags or recovery/distribution (FAO, 2014; 2016)  Meetings of the EU Platform on FLW (http://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/food_waste/eu_actions/eu-platform/meetings-eu- platform-food-losses-and-food-waste_en)

Focus on: Utilisation of Food Loss as livestock feed (Thieme and Makkar, 2017 ) Fruit and vegetable wastes like baby corn husk etcetera are a rich source of nutrients after drying or ensiling with cereal straws, without effecting the palatability, nutrient utilization, health or performance of livestock. These can also be used for the production of value-added products like essential oils, polyphenols, edible oil etc . Results: • reducing cost of animal feeding • increasing farmers’ profits • generating an array of value-added products • helping in waste management • reduction of environmental pollution.

The main Projects REFRESH EU project (2015) http://eu-refresh.org/ NOSHAN EU project (2014) http://www.noshan.eu FW-FC Analysis Network, OECD Project (2013) https://www.oecd.org/site/agrfcn/Session%201_Bagherzadeh%2 0and%20Liu_REV.pdf FUSION (2012) https://cordis.europa.eu/project/rcn/94083_en.html NAMASTE EU-India project (2010) https://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/145942_en.html Last Minute Market spin off (1998) https://sites.google.com/lastminutemarket.it/2017/english?authus er=1

The WIPs with IFAMA and FAO cooperation Building Inventory of the current food losses and waste in a  selected chain (WP1). Development of a Model Food Losses Break Point with index  of potential reduction in food losses (WP2).  Defining Innovative Procedural Protocol (IPP) for management/reduction of food and experiencing the IPP in several pilot areas over the world (WP3). Defining a 0 FLW index 

The pubblications  Fiore M., Braga F., Contò F. (2019), Re-interpreting food loss for defining efficient paths of green ethical economic wellbeing (submitted at IFAMR J) [SCOPUS]  Drejerska, N., Perzanowski, M., Gołębiewski , J., & Fiore, M. (2018). From a concept to implementation of food chain within the circular economy paradigm: The case of poland. Rivista di Studi Sulla Sostenibilita, (1), 71-86 [SCOPUS]  Fiore M., Contò F., Pellegrini G. (2015), Reducing Food Losses: a (Dis)-Opportunity Cost Model, Revue of Studies on Sustainability, n. 1 [SCOPUS]  Fiore M., Contò F., Pellegrini G. (2016), Retailers towards zero-waste: a walkthrough survey in Italy, Italian Journal of Food Science, SLIM 2015, pp. 92-97 [WoS]  Fiore M., Liu B., La Sala P., Conte A., Pellegrini G. (2017), Attitude toward food waste reduction: the case of Italian consumers, International Journal of Globalisation and Small Business, Special Issue ’Recent Dynamics and Systems in the Agri-Food Sector’, Vol. 9, Nos. 2/3 [SCOPUS]

Conclusions (1)  FWL represent a chain’s inefficiency  Reduction measures have to be made clear and easy along with their effects to the consumers, entrepreneurships, stakeholders and business operators in order to guarantee that every initiative is successful … Defining 0FLW index can provide an assessment of the sectors efficiency Loss is to be deprived of use, availability, an advantage, a condition

Conclusions (2) • The goal of Circular Economy has to be aimed at changing philosophy, behaviour and lifestyle, thus reaching a cooperative-community user (using and re-using product value and function), as contrasting to a consumer waste culture (only using physical product) (Korhonen et al., 2018). GOAL: reaching an ethically, socially and culturally acceptable behavior