K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011 Finding the Spatial (in order to teach it) Karl Grossner, PhD Center for Spatial Studies, UC Santa Barbara (2012) Stanford University Libraries Donald G. Janelle NSF-DUE #1043777
NRC (2006) Conclusions • Geographers, geoscientists, psychologists, incl. Golledge , Goodchild, Hegarty • Spatial thinking a skill, having 3 elements: – Concepts of space – Representation – Reasoning processes • Underpins success in science and math • Can be taught, improved • By and large, is not taught explicitly K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
Spatial thinking in the geosciences, and... • Describing the shape of an object, rigorously and unambiguously • Identifying and classifying objects by shape • Ascribing meaning to shape • Recognizing shapes or patterns against a noisy background • Visualizing 3-dimensional structure and processes – and motion of objects -- from one or two dimensional information • Describing the position or orientation of objects relative to a coordinate system K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
Spatial thinking in the geosciences, and... • Describing the shape of an object, rigorously and unambiguously • Identifying and classifying objects by shape • Ascribing meaning to shape • Recognizing shapes or patterns against a noisy background • Visualizing 3-dimensional structure and processes – and motion of objects -- from one or two dimensional information • Describing the position or orientation of objects relative to a coordinate system K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
Spatial thinking in the geosciences, and... • Describing the shape of an object, rigorously and unambiguously • Identifying and classifying objects by shape • Ascribing meaning to shape • Recognizing shapes or patterns against a noisy background • Visualizing 3-dimensional structure and processes – and motion of objects -- from one or two dimensional information • Describing the position or orientation of objects relative to a coordinate system K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
Spatial thinking in the geosciences, and... • Describing the shape of an object, rigorously and unambiguously • Identifying and classifying objects by shape • Ascribing meaning to shape • Recognizing shapes or patterns against a noisy background • Visualizing 3-dimensional structure and processes – and motion of objects -- from one or two dimensional information • Describing the position or orientation of objects relative to a coordinate system K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
Spatial thinking in the geosciences, and... • Describing the shape of an object, rigorously and unambiguously • Identifying and classifying objects by shape • Ascribing meaning to shape • Recognizing shapes or patterns against a noisy background • Visualizing 3-dimensional structure and processes – and motion of objects -- from one or two dimensional information • Describing the position or orientation of objects relative to a coordinate system K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
NRC (2006) Recommendations • Needed: a “systematic research program” – SILC , 2006 www.spatiallearning.org • Heightened awareness of its importance • Highlight within (and/or adjust) the curriculum, leading to increased “spatial literacy” • Six GIS-specific recommendations – Software/Ed partnerships, teacher development, etc. K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
Elements of Spatial Thinking K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
A Strategy for TeachSpatial • Immediate objective: a resource portal to teaching resources...but • If you’re going to teach spatial concepts and principles explicitly, first enumerate them, then define some learning objectives • First step: identify concepts from various disciplinary perspectives • Learning objectives could be “demonstrate understanding and practical application of {spatialPrinciple },” so what are the principles? K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
www.teachspatial.org K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
www.nsdl.org K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
www.nsdl.org K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
www.nsdl.org K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
www.nsdl.org K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
NSDL PATHWAYS K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
NSDL PATHWAYS K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
Enumerating Concepts (1) • What’s a concept? Please discuss... • ~180 terms culled from 20 source documents in 8 fields: – Geography, cognitive psychology, geoscience, math, urban design, science education • Reduced to ~120, and binned arbitrarily K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
120 in 9 bins K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
Spatial Term Density, NSF Abstracts adjacency, alignment, angle, anisotropic, area (2), areal, arrangement, attraction, autocorrelation, border, boundary, branching, center, centroid, chaos, chirality, circuit, cluster, cognitive map, coil, collision, compactness, conduit, congruence, connection, container, convex, cube, deformation, dense, density, diffusion, dimension, direction, dispersion, distance, enclosure, energetics, environment (8), euclidian, flow, fluid, folding, force, form (9), geography, geometric, geometry, global, gradient, granularity, gravitation, gravity, grid, imagery, interaction (3), interlock, isomorphism, isotropic, kinetic, landmark, landscape, length, local (10), location, manifold, map, mental model, microscale, migration, morphology, motion, movement, navigation, neighbor, network (4), orientation, overlay, packing, part, path, pattern, perimeter, periphery, place, planar, point, polygon, polymorphism, position, proximity, reference frame, region (7), representation, rotation, route, rupture, scale (6), section, separation, shape, size, slope, space, space- time, spatial, spatiotemporal, spatio-temporal, stratum, structure (1), surface (5), symmetrical, symmetry, topology, transport, visual, void, volume, wave, web K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
Spatial Term Density, NSF Abstracts adjacency, alignment, angle, anisotropic, area (2), areal, arrangement, attraction, autocorrelation, border, boundary, branching, center, centroid, chaos, chirality, circuit, cluster, cognitive map, coil, collision, compactness, conduit, congruence, connection, container, convex, cube, deformation, dense, density, diffusion, dimension, direction, dispersion, distance, enclosure, energetics, environment (8), euclidian, flow, fluid, folding, force, form (9), geography, geometric, geometry, global, gradient, granularity, gravitation, gravity, grid, imagery, interaction (3), interlock, isomorphism, isotropic, kinetic, landmark, landscape, length, local (10), location, manifold, map, mental model, microscale, migration, morphology, motion, movement, navigation, neighbor, network (4), orientation, overlay, packing, part, path, pattern, perimeter, periphery, place, planar, point, polygon, polymorphism, position, proximity, reference frame, region (7), representation, rotation, route, rupture, scale (6), section, separation, shape, size, slope, space, space- time, spatial, spatiotemporal, spatio-temporal, stratum, structure (1), surface (5), symmetrical, symmetry, topology, transport, visual, void, volume, wave, web K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
How Spatial Is It? K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
How Spatial Is It? K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
How Spatial Is It? Index of Spatiality 0.728 rank correlation with human judgments of spatiality K. Grossner :: UC Santa Barbara ThinkSpatial Brownbag :: 15 Nov 2011
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