Financing Science, or Innovation? Policy Debate? Yuko HARAYAMA Executive Member Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI) Cabinet Office
Setting the tone • “Science policy”? • “Innovation policy”? • “Science” for “Innovation policy”? • Stakeholders (or Players)? – Government, Academia, Business, NPO, Citizen,… • Actors? • Potential, Expectation, Illusion, … • Evidence-based policy making? – Between theory and reality – Sustained by a dialogue with the ground & a sense of pragmatism 29/09/2014 2
NISTEP Japanese S&T Indicators 2013 OECD STI Outlook 2013 A SNAPSHOT OF JAPAN’S STI 29/09/2014 3
Trend in total R&D Expenditure 29/09/2014 4
Trend in the ratio of the total R&D expenditure against GDP 29/09/2014 5
Flow of R&D funds from funding sectors to performing sectors (Japan 2011) Flow of R&D funds Funding Performing sectors sectors Business Business enterprises enterprises 70.4% 70.6% 4.0% Public organizations 7.7% 40.2% Governments 18.6% 53.5% 2.3% 2.5% Universities and 48.9% collages Private universities 47.7% 20.4% 9.7% 0.9% 0.0% Non-profit institutions Non-profit institutions 0.8% 1.3% Foreign countries 0.4% 6 29/09/2014
Flow of R&D funds from funding sectors to performing sectors (US 2011) Flow of R&D funds Funding Performing sectors sectors Business Business enterprises enterprises 60.1% 68.5% 29.4% Governments Public organizations 11.9% 37.0% 32.3% 29.0% 4.7% 5.0% Universities and collages 61.3% 15.2% 25.9% Universities and collages 7.8% 3.9% Non-profit institutions 4.3% Non-profit institutions 3.7% *U.S. funding sectors do not include "foreign countries." 7 29/09/2014
Flow of R&D funds from funding sectors to performing sectors (France 2011) T e Flow of R&D funds Funding Performing sectors sectors Business Business enterprises enterprises 53.5% 63.2% * 14.5% Public organizations 31.6% 1 4.0% Governments 37.0% 52.6% ** 2.0% 1.3% Universities and 90.2% collages 21.6% 4.2% Universities and collages 0.9% 2.7% 1.0% Non-profit institutions 0.8% Non-profit institutions 1.3% Foreign countries 7.0% 29/09/2014 8
Flow of R&D funds from funding sectors to performing sectors (China 2011) 29/09/2014 9
Trend of R&D expenditure used by public organization sector (Japan) 29/09/2014 10
R&D expenditure in the business sector (nominal values PPP) 29/09/2014 11
Year–on-year growth rate in sales and R&D exp. (Japanese business sector) R&D expenditures to sales 15 3.5 10 3.0 Ratio of R&D expenditures to sales (%) 5 2.5 Annual growth rate (%) 0 2.0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 -5 1.5 -10 1.0 Annual growth rate in sales (left axis) -15 0.5 Annual growth rate of R&D expenditures (left axis) Ratio of R&D expenditures to sales (right axis) -20 0.0 Note: R&D expenditures and sales are both nominal values and based on figures of businesses engaged in R&D (excluding finance and insurance industries), Sources: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Report on the Survey of Research and Development" 29/09/2014 12
Trend of the ratio of total R&D expenditure in University sector against the tot. R&D exp. 29/09/2014 13
Funding structure for universities (Japan) Quasi absence of institutional funds 29/09/2014 14
Strength in Basic Research Japanese Nobel laureates # of Nobel laureates in natural in natural sciences sciences since 1901 (since 2000) year Name prize Rank Country Total 1 2012 Shinya Yamanaka Physiology / Medicine 2 2010 Akira Suzuki Chemistry 1(1) US 289(50) 3 2010 Ei-ichi Negishi Chemistry 2(2) UK 85(11) 4 2008 Osamu Shimomura Chemistry 5 2008 Makoto Kobayashi Physics 3(4) Germany 69(6) 6 2008 Toshihide Maskawa Physics 4(5) France 32(5) 7 2002 Masatoshi Koshiba Physics 5(7) Sweden 18(1) 8 2002 Koichi Tanaka Chemistry 9 2001 Ryōji Noyori Chemistry 6(3) Japan 15(10) 10 2000 Hideki Shirakawa Chemistry 6(6) Russia 15(4) 11 1987 Susumu Tonegawa Physiology / Medicine 6(7) Swiss 15(1) 12 1981 Kenichi Fukui Chemistry 13 1973 Leo Esaki Physics Netherland 6(7) 15(1) s 14 1965 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga Physics 15 1949 Hideki Yukawa Physics 10(10) Italy 7(0) 15
Innovation Power Rank GII GCI TRGI United 1 Switzerland Switzerland States(45) 2 United Kingdom Singapore Japan(28) 3 Sweden United States France(12) 4 Finland Finland Switzerland(4) 5 Netherlands Germany Germany(3) 6 United States Japan Korea(3) 7 Sweden(2) Singapore Hong Kong 8 Denmark Netherlands Canada(1) 9 Luxembourg United Kingdom Netherlands(1) 10 Hong Kong Sweden Taiwan(1) Rank of Japan 21 6 2 GII: Global Innovation Index 2014 by Cornell University, INSEAD, and WIPO (2014) GCI: Global Competitiveness Index 2014-2015 , World Economic Forum (2014) TRGI: Thomson Reuters 2013 Top 100 Global Innovators, Thomson Reuters (2013) # of companies shown in parenthesis Innovation potential can be measured in various ways with different indices combined but Japan’s innovation potential is not highly evaluated in general 29/09/2014 16
ORGANIZATIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK 29/09/2014 17
Council for Science, Technology and Innovation From CSTP to CSTI • Act on the Establishment of the Cabinet Office amended (into force as of May 19, 2014) � Former Council for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP) is now Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI) � New mandate is added which is to deal with the issues related to the development of innovation eco-system in addition to “the promotion of science and technology” � Term of office of executive members of the Council is extended from 2 years to 3 years 29/09/2014 18
（参考） Relevant Councils and Headquarters Prime Minister Abe Minister Minister Minister Minister Arimura Yamaguchi Yamatani Amari Council for Council for Council on Fiscal HQ for Japan’s HQ for HQ for Healthcare Science, Regulatory and Economic Economic and Medical Technology and Ocean Policy Reform Policy Revitalization Strategy Innovation Administrative Industrial Reform HQ for IT Competitiveness Promotion Strategy Council Council HQ for IP Strategy HQ for Space Development Strategy 29/09/2014 19
Funding Structure for Promoting STI Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (CSTI) METI MEXT NEDO JST JSPS Strategy-driven Strategy-driven Curiosity-driven approach approach approach R & D Private Universities institutes sectors New programs by CSTI’s direct engagement SIP (Cross-Ministerial S trategic I nnovation Promotion P rogram) ImPACT ( Im pulsing PA radigm C hange through disruptive T echnologies) 20 29/09/2014
S&T Basic Plans S&T Basic Plan Major Achievements and Epochs 1 st Basic Plan (1996-00) � Introduction of R&D evaluation system(‘97) � Support plan for 10,000 post-docs � Actual support of 10,000 post-docs(‘99) � Implementation of evaluation � Competitive funding doubled(‘00) system � R&D expenditure over \17tri 2 nd Basic Plan (2001-05) � Establishment of CSTP (‘01) � R&D Prioritization � Establishment of the independent administrative institutions � Doubling competitive research (‘01) funds � Intellectual Property Basic Act (‘03) � R&D expenditure over \24tri � Establishment of the Intellectual Property Strategy Headquarters (‘03) � Establishment of National University Corporations (‘04) 3 rd Basic Plan (2006-10) � Long-term Strategic Guidelines “Innovation 25” (‘07) � R&D Prioritization with area-setting � Basic Act on Ocean Policy (‘07) � Key technologies of national � Act on Enhancement of R&D Capacity and Efficient Promotion importance (‘08) � R&D expenditure over \25tri � Aerospace Basic Act (‘08) 4 th Basic Plan (2011-15) Comprehensive promotion of S&T and Innovation � Issue-driven Approach instead of Discipline-oriented Approach � Recovery and Revitalization from the Disaster, Green Innovation, Life Innovation Promotion of Basic Research & Human Resource Development � Enhancing Policy Dialogue with Society � 21 21
STI POLICY UNDER ABE ADMINISTRATION 29/09/2014 22
Abe Administration • Priority � Economic revival, growth and wealth • Tools � “Bold monetary policy” � “Flexible fiscal policy” � “Growth strategy that encourages private sector investment” � Structural reforms � Innovation policy • Strategies � Japan Revitalization Strategy (June 2013, June 2014) ← Elaborated by Industrial Competitiveness Council � Comprehensive STI Strategy (June 2013, June 2014) ← Elaborated by CSTI (CSTP) 29/09/2014 23
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