6/17/2017 Family Centered Cesarean Birth I have nothing to disclose. Laura L. Norrell MD The Permanente Medical Group Kaiser Permanente, San Francisco CA laura.l.norrell@kp.org Ancient Abdominal Delivery: 2000 BC Mesopotamia When? cuneiform tablet Objectives 700 BC Roman Law Review History of Abdominal Delivery 600 BC Hindu reference Review Statistical Trends What is Family Centered Cesarean Birth 508 BC Sicily infant survival Why? 200 BC Talmud reference How? 50 BC Cesar delivered? 1500 AD Mother/ baby survival 1
6/17/2017 700 BC Lex Regia-> 100BC Lex Cesare Abdominal Delivery: Why? Latin ; ‘ Ceadare ’ to cut “Cesarean Section” The law forbade burying a dead pregnant ‘ Caesones ’ = person born woman until her offspring had been by postmortem operation excised from her body, so women dying in childbirth were to be cut open, for separate burials 50 BC Lex Regia became Vain hope of saving the child Lex Cesare under Cesar 1100 AD : Christian mandate -- to save the soul of the child by Baptism and bury ‘Section’ introduced in 1598 separately by Jacques Guillimeau in midwifery text Inheritance law De l'heureux accouchement des femmes The historical medical practice of CS “The Happy Delivery of virtually always resulted in a dead Women” woman and a dead fetus. NOT intended to save the life of the mother Francois Rousset (1530-1603) 1500s-1600s 1700s Craniotomy less risky OB forceps largely replaced Renaissance France Andreas Versalius : 1543 to mother than abdominal craniotomy, but of limited use The first author to defy conventional De Corporus Humani Fabrica medical wisdom and advise cesarean in surgery the living woman, although almost 100% died “Always first ascertain that the child cannot be delivered in a simpler way” “Verify that the patient is strong and shows no sign of imminent death” “Use a bold stroke of the scalpel and emulate the decisive blow of the Alexander the Great’s sword as in severing the Gordian knot” “All involved must pray” 2
6/17/2017 ANESTHESIA HISTORY: 1800s forces of change 1846 first use of ether , to remove facial tumor RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE: Clergymen deplored its use during childbirth as France: Roman Catholics pushed for removal of infant for baptism a being counter to the Amighty’s design, British Protestant Obstetricians considered the mother primarily, “women should sorrow to bring forth children in yet with CS morality at 50%, many women opted for craniotomy atonement for Eve’s sin” DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE: more women moved to cities, hospitals&CS Older physicians believed pain was a necessary evil, use of pain meds ‘was a needless luxury’ MORE HOSPITALS: and more abdominal operations, ie ovarian tumors 1853 Queen Victoria used chloroform for her Women were afraid CS would kill them; infected cadavers nearby 8th & 9th Improved anatomical knowledge → but limited by patient’s pain and Use of ether gas was worldwide within 7 infection months Mid 1800s : over about 2 decades, the 2 most important advances in surgery Queen Victoria 1819-1901 9 Deliveries 1841-1857 ANTISEPSIS 1879 Uganda Successful CS documented : Mom&baby survived -Banana wine to sedate 20 1850 Louis Pasteur: yo patient and to clean Germ Theory hands Joseph Lister : - midline incision antiseptic surgery, - cauterise with hot iron carbolic spray - massage uterus but not Concepts spread sutured worldwide slowly - pinned abdomen with iron needles 1880s: uterine closure - dress wound with root popularized paste Increased confidence : DON’T DELAY -recovered well 3
6/17/2017 1928: 1950: Pediatrics advances Alexander Flemming Every baby born in a modern hospital discovers PCN anywhere in the world is looked at first through the eyes of Dr. Virginia Apgar 1940: use of PCN half of US births in hospital Low Cervical CS: so less peritionitis and uterine rupture Now that Mom’s outcome had improved, looking to "women are liberated from the time improve fetal status they leave the womb” Maternal mortality: Maternal Mortality Ratio per 100,000 live births % births We have come far, but progress still needs to be made. attended by skilled staff 900 (2012) Current: 800 Sierra Leone (1100) 700 693 80% Maternal Mortality Ratio (per 100,000 live births) 600 500 37% 359 400 70% 216 Current: 300 World rate (216) 200 44 99% 27 99% 100 14 98% 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Year No data 3 Source: WHO, UN, World Bank Source: Gapminder Foundation 2015 Trends in Maternal Mortality 2015 4
6/17/2017 U.S. Maternal Mortality on the Rise -- Except in CA Now maternal deaths are regarded as a systems failure Maternal death reviews are state based, but only 26 states have a well established process in place CMQCC.org CA Maternal Quality Care Collaborative Modeled on successful U.K. process TOOLKITS for PIH, , Hemorrhage, Reducing Primary CS, Early Elective Delivery SOON: CV Disease, Maternal VTE A bipartisan bill in Congress, the Preventing Maternal Deaths Act of 2017, would authorize funding for states to establish review panels or improve their processes U.S. neonatal mortality is at lowest point in history Population access to CS improves maternal and neonatal Quantity of CS mortality -- up to a point USA 2010: SWEET SPOT: -Netherlands about 4 million births -Kuwait 32% Cesarean Section -United Arab Emirates 1.2 million CS in US ---> about 137 per hour How many are scheduled CS?: Highest CS: Brazil 80% Kaiser Permanente SF 25-30% Z-SFG 42% OHSU 25-35% Chile Iran Maternal request =1% perhaps a different subset emotionally We do A LOT of CS Let’s look for missed opportunities Molina et al. JAMA 2015 5
6/17/2017 At CS, if the baby is VIGOROUS and the mom is alert and My partner or I had one or more Cesarean Sections: coping: 42% 39% A. We hand baby immediately to mom with the A. The baby was handed to me with the cord 74% cord still attached still attached B. We drop the surgical drape so Mom can see B. They dropped the surgical drape so I saw the 15% baby immediately baby immediately 23% 4% C. We use a clear surgical drape so Mom can C. They used a clear surgical drape 3% see baby 0% D. The drape stayed up, I saw baby later . . . . . . . . . . d . a . n D. We keep the drape in place, and she sees e l c a i i m g e c i r p . . m g u . . . . a . . . . r s r d . g I i u r r d e u r , y s a u p b e d s baby later e e s u a h n e h l b c t a h r d t a e a p h t d p e y e s d l n o e c a e a e a r s a t h d u k w p s p e d e e e e y o W e p W W W b r a d s a u b r y d y e e e e h h h h T T T T *** WHAT IS A ‘FAMILY CENTERED CESAREAN’? *** Safety is the number one priority. PATIENT/FAMILY EXPERIENCE is the second priorty. Preparation and Education of patient and partner. ****Continuous Maternal support **** Decrease noise in the OR, minimal extraneous OR conversation View Delivery - elevate Mom’s head, ‘drop the drape' or clear drape Early Skin-to-Skin - a free arm, careful placement of EKG , BP cuff, pulse ox Keep Mom & Baby together - STS, poss breastfeed in OR, move dyad to RR Honor the Sacred Hour Thank you to Raylene Phillips MD Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital 6
6/17/2017 Why address this initiative when ‘outcomes’ are so good? Listen to Women ! ---> lack of choice, illusion of choice, fear, emotional rollercoaster, failure, disappointment not feeling like myself , emotional recovery, picture in my mind , dependency NEEDED: -> Improve policies to decrease Mother-Infant separation Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists during CS Task Force on Collaborative Practice March 2016 -> Education for Mother and Partner Patient and family advisory councils can help develop policies and approaches -> Decrease fears -> Help create realistic expectations that more globally affect all patients and families, creating an environment in which health care providers, patients, and families work together as partners to improve the quality and safety of care . Puia, Denise, "First Time Mothers’ Experiences of a Planned Cesarean Birth" (2015). Doctoral Dissertation PHILOSOPHY TALK RESULTS: -Birth experiences were rated significantly higher • Can we make CS a better experience for the mom baby -No Sign. diff in APGAR or need for NICU admission partner family? DEFINITELY -No diff blood loss • Is skin to skin a valuable technique? OBVIOUSLY -Higher rates of Breastfeeding -Pts perceived better care from all staff >95% with prev “traditional’ CS • Should we engage with patients about what we are doing, prefer this technique -Less disappointment what they want? OF COURSE More security • Is increasing patient involvement and satisfaction and No mention of infection problems teamwork improving quality? ABSOLUTELY 7
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